{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:37:55Z","timestamp":1791005875769,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]],"date-time":"2013-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the incidence and evidence for screening for thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid dysfunction in Type\u00a01 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Inclusion criteria were prospective cohort studies screening for thyroid autoimmunity and\/or dysfunction (defined as an abnormal thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone level) in Type\u00a01 diabetes. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy and thyroid dysfunction before diabetes onset. Outcomes examined were: incidence of thyroid autoimmunity and\/or dysfunction; association between thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction; and cost\u2010effectiveness. Data sources were<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>, the Cochrane Library, manual searching and contact with authors, with limitations to English language and human studies. Meta\u2010analysis was performed using random effects models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 14 eligible studies, involving 2972 young people and 789 adults with Type\u00a01 diabetes. Follow\u2010up ranged from 1\u201318\u00a0years. None of the studies were of good methodological quality (Newcastle Ottowa Scale score &gt;\u00a07). The incidence of thyroid dysfunction (11 studies) ranged from 27 (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>15\u201345) to 246 (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>118\u2013453) per 10\u00a0000 patient\u2010years and thyroid autoimmunity (four studies) from 13 (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>0.3\u201371) to 326 (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>194\u2013510). The risk of thyroid dysfunction was higher in those with thyroid autoimmunity: summary risk ratio 25 (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>9\u201371) and was higher in children (49, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>16\u2013150) compared with adults (7, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>3\u201313). No studies examined cost\u2010effectiveness of screening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a markedly increased risk of thyroid dysfunction in people with Type\u00a01 diabetes and thyroid autoimmunity. The optimal method or frequency of screening could not be determined from available data. Future studies should examine whether screening improves clinical outcomes in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T14:28:50Z","timestamp":1381242530000},"page":"126-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Thyroid autoimmunity in Type\u00a01 diabetes: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"C. B.","family":"Shun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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