{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:03:11Z","timestamp":1789646591726,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the gender differences, along with the relationships between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>, glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of diabetes complications, in a representative population\u2010based group of people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were obtained from general practices in Ayrshire and Arran, Scotland for 15 351 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the cohort with Type 1 diabetes, after adjustment for age, men had a significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.007) and significantly lower total cholesterol (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.005), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cholesterol (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>2.5*10<jats:sup>\u201017<\/jats:sup>) and HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.003) than women. By contrast, men had higher blood pressure, both systolic (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.034) and diastolic (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.0003), and higher non\u2010fasting triglyceride levels (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). Men with Type 1 diabetes had a higher prevalence of neuropathy (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.021). Among people with Type 2 diabetes, men had a significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>4.26*10<jats:sup>\u201037<\/jats:sup>), and significantly lower total cholesterol (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>2.96*10<jats:sup>\u201062<\/jats:sup>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cholesterol levels (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>8.25*10<jats:sup>\u2010141<\/jats:sup>) but higher non\u2010fasting triglyceride levels (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.0002). In Type 2 diabetes, men had a higher prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1.66*10<jats:sup>\u201025<\/jats:sup>), stroke (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.002) and peripheral vascular disease (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1.68*10<jats:sup>\u201012<\/jats:sup>), while women were older (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>4.83*10<jats:sup>\u201023<\/jats:sup>), heavier and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>5.32*10<jats:sup>\u201012<\/jats:sup>). More people with Type 2 diabetes were on lipid\u2010lowering treatment (84.7 vs 52.4%; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>5.51*10<jats:sup>\u20108<\/jats:sup>) than were those with Type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of retinopathy was higher among non\u2010smokers thank smokers in people with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (Type 1, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.016; Type 2, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study shows gender differences between Type 1 and 2 diabetes that are of clinical significance and require further investigation. Follow\u2010up of the patients included in the present study should give us much greater understanding of the importance of gender in the development of metabolic abnormalities and diabetes complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,23]],"date-time":"2014-08-23T15:15:23Z","timestamp":1408806923000},"page":"42-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Gender differences and patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: a population\u2010based analysis from a Scottish region"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Collier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Ayr Hospital Ayr UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMRI Institute of Diabetes and Hormonal Disorders Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Ayrshire and Arran Ayr UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences Warwick Medical School Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Diabetes Atlas, 6th edn. 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