{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:37:07Z","timestamp":1773293827252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81270397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81270397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81170759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the relationship between vitamin\u00a0D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 1520 patients with Type\u00a02 diabetes were recruited and divided into three groups according to their fundus oculi results: no diabetic retinopathy (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>625, 41.12%); non\u2010sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>562, 36.97%); and sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>333, 21.91%). Vitamin\u00a0D deficiency was defined as a serum circulating 25\u2013hydroxyvitamin\u00a0D level &lt;\u00a020\u00a0ng\/ml. Clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters were detected and compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients with sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy had significantly lower serum 25\u2013hydroxyvitamin\u00a0D concentrations and higher prevalence of vitamin\u00a0D deficiency than other two groups (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In addition, there was a downward trend in average 25\u2013hydroxyvitamin\u00a0D level with the increased stages of diabetic retinopathy (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy in patients with vitamin\u00a0D deficiency was also higher than in those without vitamin\u00a0D deficiency (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). After adjusting for all potential confounders, vitamin\u00a0D deficiency was still associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio 1.93) and sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio 2.42) (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Logistical regression analysis further revealed that vitamin\u00a0D deficiency was an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy (\u03b2<jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.66) and sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy (\u03b2<jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.93) (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROC<\/jats:styled-content> analysis indicated that a serum 25\u2013hydroxyvitamin\u00a0D level &lt;\u00a015.57\u00a0ng\/ml suggested the occurrence of sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio 2.38, <jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a00<\/jats:italic>.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin\u00a0D deficiency is an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy and sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy. The prevalence of sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy doubles when the serum 25\u2013hydroxyvitamin\u00a0D level is &lt;\u00a015.57\u00a0ng\/ml.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T15:18:19Z","timestamp":1409757499000},"page":"1657-1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of retinopathy in Chinese patients with Type\u00a02 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and 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