{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:01:20Z","timestamp":1772762480649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BDA:RD 05\/3233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BDA:RD 05\/3233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the effectiveness and acceptability of self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose with self\u2010monitoring of urine glucose in adults with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a multi\u2010site cluster randomized controlled trial with practice\u2010level randomization. Participants attended a structured group education programme, which included a module on self\u2010monitoring using blood glucose or urine glucose monitoring. HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> and other biomedical measures as well as psychosocial data were collected at 6, 12 and 18\u00a0months. A total of 292 participants with Type 2 diabetes were recruited from 75 practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels were significantly lower at 18\u00a0months than at baseline in both the blood monitoring group [mean (<jats:sc>se<\/jats:sc>) \u221212 (2) mmol\/mol; \u22121.1 (0.2) %] and the urine monitoring group [mean (<jats:sc>se<\/jats:sc>) \u221213 (2) mmol\/mol; \u22121.2 (0.2)%], with no difference between groups [mean difference adjusted for cluster effect and baseline value = \u22121\u00a0mmol\/mol (95% CI \u22123, 2); \u22120.1% (95% CI \u22120.3, 0.2)]. Similar improvements were observed for the other biomedical outcomes, with no differences between groups. Both groups showed improvements in total treatment satisfaction, generic well\u2010being, and diabetes\u2010specific well\u2010being, and had a less threatening view of diabetes, with no differences between groups at 18\u00a0months. Approximately one in five participants in the urine monitoring arm switched to blood monitoring, while those in the blood monitoring arm rarely switched (18 vs 1% at 18\u00a0months; <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes who attended structured education showed similar improvements in HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels at 18\u00a0months, regardless of whether they were assigned to blood or urine self\u2010monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,11]],"date-time":"2014-10-11T04:49:28Z","timestamp":1413002968000},"page":"414-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose versus self\u2010monitoring of urine glucose in adults with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes receiving structured education: a cluster randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"H. M.","family":"Dallosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester Leicester Diabetes Centre Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. H.","family":"Bodicoat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Leicester Leicester Diabetes Centre Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. C.","family":"Eborall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hadjiconstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Khunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Speight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AHP Research Uxbridge UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Deakin University Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2008.0030","article-title":"Self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose in insulin\u2010requiring type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Naik RG","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin","volume":"18","author":"Malanda UL","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"468","article-title":"Self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not taking insulin: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"14","author":"Towfigh A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488710792007248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03268.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39534.571644.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-0407.2010.00081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.10.1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Is glucose self\u2010monitoring beneficial in non\u2010insulin\u2010treated diabetic patients? 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