{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:33:02Z","timestamp":1787610782044,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]],"date-time":"2014-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Odense University Hospital Free Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate whether the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) autoantibodies post\u2010partum in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus was associated with changes in metabolic characteristics, including \u03b2\u2013cell function and insulin sensitivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During 1997\u20132010, 407 women with gestational diabetes mellitus were offered a 3\u2013month post\u2010partum follow\u2010up including anthropometrics, serum lipid profile, HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      autoantibodies, as well as a 2\u2013h oral glucose tolerance test (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OGTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) with blood glucose, serum insulin and C\u2013peptide at 0, 30 and 120\u00a0min. Indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were estimated to assess insulin secretion adjusted for insulin sensitivity, disposition index (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010two (5.4%) women were positive for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      autoantibodies (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +ve) and the remainder (94.6%) were negative for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      autoantibodies (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2013ve). The two groups had similar age and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Women who were\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +ve had significantly higher 2\u2013h\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OGTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      glucose concentrations during their index\u2010pregnancy (10.5 vs. 9.8\u00a0mmol\/l,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001), higher fasting glucose (5.2 vs. 5.0\u00a0mmol\/l,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02) and higher 2\u2013h glucose (7.8 vs. 7.1\u00a0mmol\/l,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.05) post\u2010partum. Fasting levels of C\u2013peptide and insulin were lower in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +ve women compared with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2013ve women (520 vs. 761\u00a0pmol\/l,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02 and 33 vs. 53\u00a0pmol\/l,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.05) Indices of insulin sensitivity were similar in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +ve and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2013ve women, whereas all estimates of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were significantly reduced in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +ve women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +ve women had higher glucose levels and impaired insulin secretion adjusted for insulin sensitivity (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) compared with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2013ve women. The combination of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OGTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      autoantibodies post\u2010partum identify women with impaired \u03b2\u2013cell function. These women should be followed with special focus on development of Type\u00a01 diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T12:41:19Z","timestamp":1414154479000},"page":"198-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody\u2010positivity post\u2010partum is associated with impaired \u03b2\u2013cell function in women with gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"T. P.","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"The Clinical Research Institute University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"H\u00f8jlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"The Clinical Research Institute University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. S.","family":"Snogdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"},{"name":"The Clinical Research Institute University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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