{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:57:38Z","timestamp":1761155858416},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insulin therapies with prandial injections offer the possibility to skip snacks or omit meals. It is unclear how many people with insulin\u2010treated diabetes mellitus eat snacks and whether they snack for their own comfort or only on the recommendation of healthcare professionals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2004, 163 consecutive people with insulin\u2010treated diabetes seen in a university outpatient department were interviewed regarding their diet and degree of satisfaction with their meals. Fifty\u2010five had Type\u00a01 diabetes [age 47\u00a0years; diabetes duration 18\u00a0years; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> 27\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 62\u00a0mmol\/mol (7.8%)], 53 had Type\u00a02 diabetes with biphasic insulin therapy [age 68\u00a0years; diabetes duration 17\u00a0years; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> 31\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 60\u00a0mmol\/mol (7.6%)] and 55 had Type\u00a02 diabetes with prandial insulin therapy [age 60\u00a0years; diabetes duration 16\u00a0years; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> 33\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 59\u00a0mmol\/mol (7.6%)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty per\u00a0cent of those with Type\u00a01 diabetes ate snacks, together with 77% of the Type\u00a02 diabetes\/biphasic group and 62% of the Type\u00a02 diabetes\/prandial group. Most participants (91% Type\u00a01 diabetes, 88% Type\u00a02 diabetes\/biphasic group, 82% Type\u00a02 diabetes\/prandial group) liked to have snacks. The time at which they ate snacks was the same for both diabetes types. There were no differences between participants with Type\u00a01 diabetes who snacked and those who did not in terms of age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.350), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.368), HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.257) and time since diagnosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.846). Participants with Type\u00a02 diabetes who ate snacks were older than those who did not (biphasic: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006; prandial: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008). There were no differences in terms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> (biphasic: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.731; prandial: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.393), HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> (biphasic: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.747; prandial: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.616) and time since diagnosis (biphasic: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.06; prandial: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.620).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most people with insulin\u2010treated diabetes eat snacks voluntarily and not because of physicians' instructions. There were no correlations between the use of snacks and HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> and time since diagnosis, except that the participants with Type\u00a02 diabetes who ate snacks were older.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T16:45:20Z","timestamp":1414169120000},"page":"353-358","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Use of snacks in insulin\u2010treated people with diabetes mellitus and association with HbA<sub>1c<\/sub>, weight and quality of life: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Heller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III Jena University Hospital Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Kloos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III Jena University Hospital Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ke\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Practice for Diabetology Claudia Lindloh, MD Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III Jena University Hospital Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Thierbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Science of Nutrition Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III Jena University Hospital Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U. A.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III Jena University Hospital Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.suppl_2.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2007.S36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Programm f\u00fcr Nationale Versorgungsleitlinien Tr\u00e4ger: Bundes\u00e4rztekammer Kassen\u00e4rztliche Vereinigung Arbeitsgemeinschaft der wissenschaftlichen medizinischen Fachgesellschaften: Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie \u2013 Therapie des Typ\u20102\u2010Diabetes \u2013 Langfassung; Auflage 1 Version 1 2013. Available athttp:\/\/www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de\/fileadmin\/Redakteur\/Leitlinien\/Evidenzbasierte_Leitlinien\/NVL-DM2-Ther-lang_Endversion_270813.pdfLast accessed 13 December 2013. Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie \u2013 Therapie des Typ\u20102\u2010Diabetes \u2013Kurzfassung. Tr\u00e4ger Bundes\u00e4rztekammer Kassen\u00e4rztliche Bundesvereinigung Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaflichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften; Version 1.0. Available athttp:\/\/www.versorgungsleitlinien.de\/themen\/diabetes2\/dm2_therapie\/pdf\/nvl-t2d-therapie-kurz-3.pdfLast accessed 28 March 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Mit Insulin geht es mir wieder besser","author":"J\u00f6rgens V","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes: A guide\u00a0to\u00a0psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice","author":"Bradley C","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7367.746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-7-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"Trends in meal pattern in Germany \u2013 Comparison of surveys from 1995 till 2003. Abstracts, 9th European Nutrition Conference, Rome, Italy, October 1\u20134, 2003","volume":"47","author":"Oltersdorf U","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Mahlzeitenmuster in Deutschland","author":"Meyer S","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.11.1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.11.1453"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.12616","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.12616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.12616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T04:12:17Z","timestamp":1696306337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.12616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.12616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.12616","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}