{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:28:10Z","timestamp":1790980090536,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,18]],"date-time":"2015-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Body cell mass is directly proportional to the bioimpedance phase\u2010angle which is an indicator of the amount of electrical charge that cell membranes can hold and is an index of cellular health and function. To evaluate whether the bioimpedance phase angle is relevant for indicating catabolism in people with diabetes and whether it discriminates between people with diabetes receiving different types of therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional study was performed in 182 people with Type 2 diabetes and 107 age\u2010 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010matched control subjects. The phase angle was measured at 5, 50 and 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z using multifrequency bioimpedance analysis. The phase angles were compared among different diabetes therapy groups (untreated patients with diabetes, patients receiving oral antidiabetic drugs and patients receiving insulin therapy).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The phase angle at 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z strongly correlated with total body potassium (\n                      <jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.70,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001), and was therefore a good indicator of body cell mass. The phase angle at 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z discriminated more strongly between patients with Type 2 diabetes and control subjects than did the phase angle at 50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z. Compared with control subjects, patients with Type 2 diabetes had a smaller phase angle at 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z (men: 5.2\u00b0 vs. 4.5\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.0001; women: 4.8\u00b0 vs. 4.2\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.0001) and a smaller phase angle at 50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z (men: 5.9\u00b0 vs. 5.3\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.0001; women: 5.4\u00b0 vs. 4.8\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.0001), but a larger phase angle at 5\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z (men: 2.0\u00b0 vs. 2.6\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.0001; women: 2.3\u00b0 vs. 3.0\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.00001). Phase angle ratios better discriminated between patients and control subjects than phase angles alone (phase angle at 5\u00a0kHz\/ phase angle at 50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z ratio,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.51\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>\u221216<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; phase angle at 5kHz\/phase angle at 100\u00a0kHz ratio,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      2.13\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>\u221215<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). No differences were found among phase angles in the different therapy groups. In patients with diabetes, the phase angle at 50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z and the phase angle at 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z correlated inversely with duration of disease (men:\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.026,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.016; women: only phase angle at 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.003) and with HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentration (men:\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.010,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001; women:\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.007,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.043).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The phase angle at 100\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      z is a promising measurement for assessing catabolic state in people with diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T08:29:10Z","timestamp":1423211350000},"page":"1177-1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Bioimpedance phase angle indicates catabolism in Type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Dittmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center Mainz"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010University Kiel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Reber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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