{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:00:20Z","timestamp":1789164020237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001648","name":"European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effects of self\u2010monitoring of glucose in blood or urine, on diabetes\u2010specific distress and self\u2010efficacy, compared with usual care in people with non\u2010insulin\u2010treated Type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and eighty\u2010one participants with non\u2010insulin\u2010treated Type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus [diabetes duration \u2265\u00a01\u00a0year, age 45\u201375\u00a0years, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\u00a0\u2265\u00a053.0\u00a0mmol\/mol (7.0%), self\u2010monitoring frequency &lt;\u00a03 times in the previous year] were randomly assigned to blood self\u2010monitoring (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a060), urine self\u2010monitoring (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a059) or usual care (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a062). Primary outcomes were between\u2010group differences in diabetes\u2010specific distress [Problem Areas in Diabetes scale (PAID)] and self\u2010efficacy [Confidence in Diabetes Self\u2010Care questionnaire (CIDS\u20132)] after 12\u00a0months. Secondary outcomes included changes in HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, treatment satisfaction and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no statistically significant between\u2010group differences in changes in PAID and CIDS\u20102 after 12\u00a0months. Mean difference in PAID between blood monitoring and control was \u22122.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) \u22127.1 to 2.7], between urine monitoring and control was \u22120.9 (95% CI \u22124.4 to 2.5) and between blood monitoring and urine monitoring was \u22122.0 (95% CI \u22124.1 to 0.1). Mean difference in CIDS\u20102 between blood monitoring and control was 0.6 [95% CI (\u22122.0 to 2.1), between urine monitoring and control was 2.8 (95% CI \u22122.3 to 7.9)] and between blood monitoring and urine monitoring was \u22123.3 (95% CI \u22127.9 to 1.3). No statistically significant between\u2010group differences in change in any of the secondary outcome measures were found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study did not find statistical or clinical evidence for a long\u2010term effect of self\u2010monitoring of glucose in blood or urine on diabetes\u2010specific distress and self\u2010efficacy in people with moderately controlled non\u2010insulin\u2010treated Type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus. (Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN84568563)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T13:10:29Z","timestamp":1436879429000},"page":"537-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of self\u2010monitoring of glucose on distress and self\u2010efficacy in people with non\u2010insulin\u2010treated Type\u00a02 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"U. L.","family":"Malanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Elderly Care Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. D. M.","family":"Bot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Elderly Care Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Kostense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. J.","family":"Snoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Nijpels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Elderly Care Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-S011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"IDF Guideline on Self\u2010Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Non\u2010Insulin Treated Type 2 Diabetes","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"AADE7 self\u2010care behaviors","volume":"34","author":"American Association of Diabetes Educators","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Blood glucose self\u2010monitoring in non\u2010insulin\u2010treated type\u00a02 diabetes: a qualitative study of patients' perspectives","volume":"54","author":"Peel E","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Perception of Health and Illness","author":"Leventhal H","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02569.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39534.571644.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.11.1870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.11.1928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-10-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-313-6614-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.6.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.00832.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.713"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Confidence in Diabetes Scale (CIDS\u20102) for patients with poorly controlled T2DM","volume":"58","author":"Polonsky WH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes: A guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice","author":"Bradley C","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7211.670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.619176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39247.447431.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose in tablet\u2010treated type\u00a02 diabetic patients (ZODIAC)","volume":"68","author":"Kleefstra N","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"CD005060","article-title":"Self\u2010monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type\u00a02 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin","volume":"1","author":"Malanda UL","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39526.674873.BE"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.12849","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.12849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.12849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T19:51:01Z","timestamp":1696362661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.12849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.12849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.12849","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-07-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}