{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:11:44Z","timestamp":1780438304358,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]],"date-time":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003784","name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000765","name":"University College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of ethnicity and socio\u2010economic status (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>) on glycaemic control during childhood Type 1 diabetes is poorly understood in England and Wales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 18 478 children with Type 1 diabetes (&lt; 19 years) attending diabetes clinics and included in the 2012\u20132013 National Paediatric Diabetes Audit. Self\u2010identified ethnicity was categorized as white, Asian, black, mixed, other and \u2018not\u2010stated\u2019 (did not to divulge ethnicity). A small area measure of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> was estimated from the Index of Multiple Deprivation. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations between ethnicity, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> and glycaemic control (mean HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels) accounting for age, gender and diabetes duration. The impact of insulin pump use on the ethnicity\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> associations was tested in 13 962 children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All children from minority ethnic groups had higher mean HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> compared with white children, with largest differences observed in black and mixed ethnicities [8 mmol\/mol (2.9%), 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 5\u201311 and 7 mmol\/mol (2.8%), 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 5\u20139, respectively]. Lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with higher mean HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> with a dose effect. The lowest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> group had a mean HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> that was 7 mmol\/mol (2.8%) (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 6\u20138) higher compared with the highest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> group, adjusted for ethnicity. Estimates for ethnicity were attenuated, but significant on adjustment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>. Fewer non\u2010white (white 20.3 vs. black 5.5%) and deprived (least deprived 21.1 vs. most deprived 13.2%) children were on insulin pump therapy. Ethnicity and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> remained significant predictors of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> after accounting for insulin pump use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between ethnicity and glycaemic control persists after adjustment for deprivation and pump use. An alternative approach to intensive insulin therapy might benefit these vulnerable children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,23]],"date-time":"2016-01-23T14:42:47Z","timestamp":1453560167000},"page":"1508-1515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Young people with Type 1 diabetes of non\u2010white ethnicity and lower socio\u2010economic status have poorer glycaemic control in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"A. R.","family":"Khanolkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health University College London (UCL) London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health University College London (UCL) London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Taylor\u2010Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health University College London (UCL) London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Health and Society University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Viner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health University College London (UCL) London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. T.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health University Hospital of Wales Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health University College London (UCL) London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.03.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1106-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03170.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.79.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2010.00670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"National Paediatric Diabetes Audit Report: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health;2015. Available athttp:\/\/www.rcpch.ac.uk\/child-health\/standards-care\/clinical-audit-and-quality-improvement\/national-paediatric-diabetes-au-1Last accessed 1 October 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","article-title":"UK indices of multiple deprivation \u2013 a way to make comparisons across constituent countries easier","volume":"53","author":"Payne RA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Stat Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"The English Indices of Deprivation 2010.London:Department for Communities and Local Government 2011. Available athttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2010. Last accessed 1 October 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies. Foundations for better epidemiology, public health, and health care","author":"Bhopal R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm3201_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/26.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1482-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-12-201006150-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800405278216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2309"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.13079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.13079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T11:56:26Z","timestamp":1696334186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.13079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.13079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13079","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-01-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-02-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}