{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:54:40Z","timestamp":1771667680019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tobacco smoking is known to increase the long\u2010term risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This observational, cross\u2010sectional study aims to compare measures of insulin sensitivity and \u03b2\u2010cell function in current, ex\u2010 and never\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population included 1246 people without diabetes (mean age 44 years, 55% women) from the EGIR\u2010RISC population, a large European multicentre cohort. Insulin sensitivity was measured using a hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp and the homeostatic model assessment \u2013 insulin resistance (HOMA\u2010IR) index. Two \u03b2\u2010cell function parameters were derived from measures during an oral glucose tolerance test: the early insulin response index and \u03b2\u2010cell glucose sensitivity. Additionally, the areas under the curve during the oral glucose tolerance test were calculated for glucose, insulin and C\u2010peptide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to smoking habits, there were differences in insulin sensitivity, which was lower in women who smoked, and in \u03b2\u2010cell glucose sensitivity, which was lower in men who smoked, but these associations lost significance after adjustment. However, after adjustment, the areas under the glucose and the C\u2010peptide curves during the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in men who smoked.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking habits were not independently associated with insulin sensitivity or \u03b2\u2010cell function in a healthy middle\u2010aged European population. Health\u2010selection bias, methodological shortcomings or a true lack of causal links between smoking and impaired insulin sensitivity\/secretion are possible explanations. The mechanisms behind the observed increased glucose and C\u2010peptide areas under the curve during the oral glucose tolerance test in male smokers need to be further evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T05:23:19Z","timestamp":1466659399000},"page":"223-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Insulin resistance and \u03b2\u2010cell function in smokers: results from the <scp>EGIR<\/scp>\u2010<scp>RISC<\/scp> European multicentre study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Gotts\u00e4ter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Balkau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U\u20101018 CESP Team5 (EpReC, Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology) Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hatunic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa IP Hospital Universitario de la Princesa Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.\u2010H.","family":"Anderwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Metabolic Unit Institute of Biomedical Engineering Padua Italy"},{"name":"Mariahilf Community Pharmacy Arnoldstein Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics VU Medical Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research VU Medical Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Lalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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