{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:50:07Z","timestamp":1790758207900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010334","name":"Royal College of General Practitioners","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003513","name":"University of Surrey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the impact of glycaemic control on infection incidence in people with Type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared infection rates during 2014 in people with Type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes in a large primary care cohort in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> (the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database). We performed multilevel logistic regression to investigate the impact of Type 2 diabetes on presentation with infection, and the effect of glycaemic control on presentation with upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, influenza\u2010like illness, pneumonia, intestinal infectious diseases, herpes simplex, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and genital and perineal infections. People with Type 2 diabetes were stratified by good [HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> &lt; 53 mmol\/mol (&lt; 7%)], moderate [HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 53\u201369 mmol\/mol (7\u20138.5%)] and poor [HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> &gt; 69 mmol\/mol (&gt; 8.5%)] glycaemic control using their most recent HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> concentration. Infection incidence was adjusted for important sociodemographic factors and patient comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 34 278 people with Type 2 diabetes and 613 052 people without diabetes for comparison. The incidence of infections was higher in people with Type 2 diabetes for all infections except herpes simplex. Worsening glycaemic control was associated with increased incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and genital and perineal infections, but not with upper respiratory tract infections, influenza\u2010like illness, intestinal infectious diseases or herpes simplex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Almost all infections analysed were more common in people with Type 2 diabetes. Infections that are most commonly of bacterial, fungal or yeast origin were more frequent in people with worse glycaemic control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T13:26:44Z","timestamp":1471872404000},"page":"551-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Association between glycaemic control and common infections in people with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"J. L.","family":"Hine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"de Lusignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Burleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pathirannehelage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"McGovern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Gatenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"},{"name":"Royal Surrey County Hospital Guildford Surrey UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eli Lilly and Company Lilly Corporate Center Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Elliot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Brownrigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George's Vascular Institute Division of Cardiovascular Sciences St George's University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hinchliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George's Vascular Institute Division of Cardiovascular Sciences St George's University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing University of Surrey Guildford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2015.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Management of hospitalized patients with diabetic foot infections","volume":"42","author":"Bader MS","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hosp Pract 1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0570-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00379-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre. Available athttp:\/\/www.rcgp.org.uk\/clinical-and-research\/our-programmes\/research-and-surveillance-centre.aspxLast accessed 1 March 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Weekly returns service of the Royal College of General Practitioners","volume":"2","author":"Fleming DM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007525402861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.8.662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Official Statistics.English indices of deprivation 2015. Available athttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015Last accessed 1 March 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics.2011 Census.ONS 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/762051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00234-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/14.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0003-0538-104.4.320"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmi106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011092"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.13205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.13205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.13205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T05:42:19Z","timestamp":1696311739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.13205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.13205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13205","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-08-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-09-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}