{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:47:06Z","timestamp":1787586426996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005407","name":"Food and Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop models to estimate the direct medical costs associated with diabetes\u2010related complications in the event year and in subsequent years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The public direct medical costs associated with 13 diabetes\u2010related complications were estimated among a cohort of 128 353 people with diabetes over 5 years. Private direct medical costs were estimated from a cross\u2010sectional survey among 1825 people with diabetes. We used panel data regression with fixed effects to investigate the impact of each complication on direct medical costs in the event year and subsequent years, adjusting for age and co\u2010existing complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expected annual public direct medical cost for the baseline case was <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content>$1,521 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1,518 to 1,525) or a 65\u2010year\u2010old person with diabetes without complications. A new lower limb ulcer was associated with the biggest increase, with a multiplier of 9.38 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 8.49 to 10.37). New end\u2010stage renal disease and stroke increased the annual medical cost by 5.23 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 4.70 to 5.82) and 5.94 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 5.79 to 6.10) times, respectively. History of acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, end\u2010stage renal disease and lower limb ulcer increased the cost by 2\u20133 times. The expected annual private direct medical cost of the baseline case was <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content>$187 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 135 to 258) for a 65\u2010year\u2010old man without complications. Heart disease, stroke, sight\u2010threatening diabetic retinopathy and end\u2010stage renal disease increased the private medical costs by 1.5 to 2.5 times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wide variations in direct medical cost in event year and subsequent years across different major complications were observed. Input of these data would be essential for economic evaluations of diabetes management programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T16:26:35Z","timestamp":1498062395000},"page":"1276-1283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Annual direct medical costs associated with diabetes\u2010related complications in the event year and in subsequent years in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6895-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. K. H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C. W.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. S. C.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. C. B.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"McGhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gangwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Hong Kong Ap Lei Chau Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. L. 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