{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:54:43Z","timestamp":1792173283147,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK068001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK068001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR00108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR00108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM121081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM121081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the associations of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with offspring insulin resistance, \u03b2\u2010cell function and oral disposition index in a longitudinal observational study of ethnically diverse offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 445 offspring who were exposed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=81) or not exposed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=364) to maternal diabetes <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> completed two fasting blood measurements at mean (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>) ages of 10.5 (1.5) and 16.5 (1.2) years, respectively, and an oral glucose tolerance test at the second visit. We used linear mixed models and general linear univariate models to evaluate the associations of maternal diabetes and pre\u2010pregnancy <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> with offspring outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal diabetes <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> predicted increased insulin resistance [18% higher updated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01; 19% lower Matsuda index, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01 and 9% greater updated homeostatic model assessment of \u03b2\u2010cell function (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010\u03b2), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.04]. Each 5\u2010kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> increase in pre\u2010pregnancy <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> predicted increased insulin resistance (11% greater <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001; 10% lower Matsuda index, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001; 6% greater <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010\u03b2, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). Similar results were obtained in a combined model with both exposures. After adjustment for offspring <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>, only maternal diabetes was associated with higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOMA<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content> (\u03b2=1.12, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.03) and lower Matsuda index (\u03b2=0.83, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01). Neither exposure was associated with early insulin response or oral disposition index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intrauterine exposure to diabetes or obesity is associated with greater offspring insulin resistance than non\u2010exposure, supporting the hypothesis that fetal overnutrition results in metabolic abnormalities during childhood and adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T16:24:38Z","timestamp":1498062278000},"page":"1392-1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Fetal overnutrition and offspring insulin resistance and \u03b2\u2010cell function: the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children (<scp>EPOCH<\/scp>) study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. A.","family":"Sauder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. W.","family":"Hockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. M.","family":"Ringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Colorado School of Public Health Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.H.","family":"Glueck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Colorado School of Public Health Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health Aurora CO 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