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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content>) is said to alter fetal growth and increase the risk of macrosomia. However, little research on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> exists in African populations. This study aimed to assess longitudinal fetal growth and neonatal birth measures among Black African babies exposed to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women (Soweto, South Africa) enrolled into a cohort study were followed up with repeated fetal ultrasounds. At 24\u201328 weeks\u2019 gestation a 2\u2010h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed using the World Health Organization's 2013 criteria. Neonatal birth measures were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study involved 741 women; 83 (11.2%) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> and 658 (88.8%) without. A total of 4040 fetal ultrasounds were performed. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> exposure was associated with an increase in fetal growth measures, especially abdominal circumference, which was already seen at 16\u201318\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation. Male fetuses in particular, showed a significant association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> exposure and increased abdominal circumference (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.009). Most women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> (66.3%) received management; all received diet therapy and 32.7% were prescribed medication. There was no difference in birth measures between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010exposed and unexposed neonates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated ultrasound measures identified the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> as early as 16\u201318 weeks\u2019 gestation, well before a diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> would usually be made. Sex differences in fetal growth were observed, with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010exposed male fetuses being more affected with larger abdominal circumferences than females. A low rate of macrosomia was observed compared with historical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDM<\/jats:styled-content> populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T02:41:04Z","timestamp":1526438464000},"page":"1425-1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on fetal growth and neonatal birth measures in an African cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6899-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Macaulay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit Department of Paediatrics School of Clinical Medicine University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Human Genetics School of Pathology University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8492-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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