{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:14:47Z","timestamp":1783606487360,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]],"date-time":"2018-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the association between glycaemic status and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of the adult population in Germany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis of data from 6385 participants aged 18\u201379 years in the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008\u20132011 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEGS<\/jats:styled-content>1). Glycaemic status was classified as follows: diagnosed diabetes (self\u2010reported diagnosis or receiving antidiabetes medication); undiagnosed diabetes (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> \u226548 mmol\/mol [\u22656.5%]); prediabetes (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 39\u201347 mmol\/mol [5.7\u20136.4%]); or normoglycaemia (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> &lt;39 mmol\/mol [&lt;5.7%]). Current depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109) and defined as elevated depressive symptoms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 score \u226510 points; dichotomous variable) and severity of depressive symptoms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PHQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 score, range 0\u201327 points; continuous variable). Associations of glycaemic status and HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> with both depressive symptoms variables were analysed using multivariable logistic (elevated depressive symptoms) and linear (severity of depressive symptoms) regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with normoglycaemia, diagnosed diabetes, but not prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes, was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (odds ratio 1.55, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.00\u20132.41) and severity of depressive symptoms (\u03b2 coefficient 0.71, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.23\u20131.19) in models adjusting for sociodemographics and health behaviours. Associations were similar among people with diagnosed diabetes taking and not taking antidiabetes medication. Among people without diagnosed diabetes, no associations between HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> and depressive symptoms were found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosed diabetes, but not prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes or HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, was associated with depressive symptoms among adults in Germany. Studies examining psychosocial and biological mechanisms that may potentially explain relationships between diagnosed diabetes and depressive symptoms are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T10:44:42Z","timestamp":1528713882000},"page":"1552-1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Glycaemic status and depressive symptoms among adults in Germany: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (<scp>DEGS<\/scp>1)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Weikert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Buttery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Heidemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Rieckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Paprott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U. E.","family":"Maske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Scheidt\u2010Nave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4936-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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