{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:51:21Z","timestamp":1790023881089,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Ministry of Education and Research"},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health"},{"name":"State of Bavaria"},{"name":"Northrhine-Westphalian Ministry of Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time needed for health\u2010related activities in people with diabetes is assumed to be substantial, yet available data are limited. Time spent on self\u2010management and associated factors was analysed using cross\u2010sectional data from people with diagnosed diabetes enrolled in a population\u2010based study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean total time spent on self\u2010management activities was estimated using a questionnaire for all participants with diagnosed diabetes in the KORA FF4 study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0227, 57% men, mean age 69.7, <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc> 9.9\u00a0years). Multiple two\u2010part regression models were fitted to evaluate associated factors. Multiple imputation was performed to adjust for bias due to missing values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some 86% of participants reported spending time on self\u2010management activities during the past week. Over the entire sample, a mean of 149 (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc> 241)\u00a0min\/week were spent on self\u2010management\u2010activities. People with insulin or oral anti\u2010hyperglycaemic drug treatment, better diabetes education, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 48 to &lt;\u00a058 mmol\/mol (6.5% to &lt; 7.5%) or lower quality of life, spent more time on self\u2010management activities. For example, people without anti\u2010hyperglycaemic medication invested 66\u00a0min\/week in self\u2010management, whereas those taking insulin and oral anti\u2010hyperglycaemic drugs invested 269\u00a0min\/week (adjusted ratio 4.34, 95% confidence interval 1.85\u201310.18).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time spent on self\u2010management activities by people with diabetes was substantial and varied with an individual's characteristics. Because of the small sample size and missing values, the results should be interpreted in an explorative manner. Nevertheless, time needed for self\u2010management activities should be routinely considered because it may affect diabetes self\u2010care and quality of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T11:53:52Z","timestamp":1538222032000},"page":"970-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Time spent on self\u2010management by people with diabetes: results from the population\u2010based KORA survey in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4882-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Icks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics Centre for Health and Society Faculty of Medicine Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University"},{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics German Diabetes Center at Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University, Leibniz\u2010Center for Diabetes Research D\u00fcsseldorf"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Haastert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics Centre for Health and Society Faculty of Medicine Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University"},{"name":"mediStatistica Neuenrade Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Arend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics Centre for Health and Society Faculty of Medicine Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Konein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics Centre for Health and Society Faculty of Medicine Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Thorand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology II Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Holle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Laxy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"},{"name":"Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Schunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Neuherberg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Care Management and 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