{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:41:04Z","timestamp":1767904864391,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate changes in corneal nerve morphology in Type 2 diabetes and to establish relationships between <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> corneal confocal microscopy and markers of peripheral nerve structure and function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 57 participants with Type 2 diabetes and 26 healthy controls of similar age and sex distribution. We also recruited a disease control group of 54 participants with Type 1 diabetes. All participants were assessed for distal symmetrical polyneuropathy using the Total Neuropathy Score. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> corneal confocal microscopy was used to assess corneal nerve fibre length, corneal nerve fibre density, corneal nerve branch density and inferior whorl length. Peripheral nerve structure was assessed using median nerve ultrasonography. Large fibre function was assessed according to median nerve axonal excitability. Small fibre function was assessed using Sudoscan<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup> and the Survey of Autonomic Symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal nerve fibre length, fibre density and branch density and inferior whorl length were significantly lower in individuals with Type 2 diabetes compared to controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001 for all). In the Type 2 diabetes cohort, correlations were observed between neuropathy severity and corneal nerve fibre density (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.004), corneal nerve branch density (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.003), corneal nerve fibre length (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.002) and inferior whorl length (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01). Significant correlations were observed between corneal confocal outcomes and axonal excitability measurements. No association was found between corneal confocal microscopy and median nerve cross\u2010sectional area, Sudoscan measurements or the Survey of Autonomic Symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated significant changes in corneal nerves in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Reductions in corneal nerve measures correlated with increasing neuropathy severity. Associations were found between corneal confocal microscopy and markers of voltage\u2010gated potassium channel function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T19:39:18Z","timestamp":1553197158000},"page":"326-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Relationship between corneal confocal microscopy and markers of peripheral nerve structure and function in Type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Issar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. S.","family":"Tummanapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Markoulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. C. G.","family":"Kwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Poynten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. V.","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21643-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4653-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200105000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200003)23:3<399::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182120147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.6.727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13959"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2012.00740.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq318"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020495","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020495","article-title":"The Nodes of Ranvier: Molecular Assembly and Maintenance","volume":"8","author":"Rasband MN","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25182"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.13952","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dme.13952","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.13952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T09:52:37Z","timestamp":1694166757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.13952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.13952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.13952","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}