{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:47:37Z","timestamp":1790891257847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Links between autism spectrum disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>) and autoimmune diseases, including Type 1 diabetes have been proposed. This study assessed the frequency of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> in children with Type 1 diabetes in the T1D Exchange (T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DX<\/jats:styled-content>) registry and the impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> on characteristics of children with Type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis included 10\u00a0032 participants aged &lt;\u00a018 years (median Type 1 diabetes duration 6.5 years, 48% female, 77% non\u2010Hispanic White). Diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as autism, Asperger's or pervasive developmental disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> was recorded for 159 (1.58%) participants. Those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> were predominantly male (88% vs. 51% of those without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and slightly older (median 14 vs. 13\u00a0years, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022). Occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis at Type 1 diabetes diagnosis was similar (35% vs. 41%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.161). Pump use was lower in those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> (51% vs. 63%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005) but continuous glucose monitor use was similar (24% vs. 27%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.351). Median HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> was slightly lower in those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> [68 vs. 69 mmol\/mol (8.4% vs. 8.5%), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006]. This difference was more pronounced after adjusting for confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> in the T1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DX<\/jats:styled-content> registry was similar to that in the general population. These data show that despite deficits in communication, occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis was similar in youth with and without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>. Pump use was less frequent in those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>, possibly due to sensory issues, although <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGM<\/jats:styled-content> use did not differ. The lower HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> may be due to a more regimented routine with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>. Because comorbidities such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> complicate care of patients with Type 1 diabetes, further research is needed to support these children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T20:27:37Z","timestamp":1562272057000},"page":"1282-1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Autism spectrum disorder in children with Type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"K. E.","family":"Bethin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo Jacobs Buffalo NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4440-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. G.","family":"Kanapka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaeb Center for Health Research Tampa FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. M.","family":"Laffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Majidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes Aurora CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. S.","family":"Chaytor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine Washington State University Spokane WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"MacLeish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. 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