{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:31:35Z","timestamp":1775676695823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to explore the association between South Asian ethnicity and complications of type 1 diabetes, and whether this is affected by migration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, data on diabetes control and complications were obtained for South Asians in India (South Asians<jats:sub>India<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02592) and the UK (South Asians<jats:sub>UK<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0221) and white Europeans in the UK (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01431). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between ethnicity and diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy and neuropathy adjusting for age, sex, BMI, disease duration, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>South Asians<jats:sub>India<\/jats:sub> had significantly greater adjusted odds of diabetic kidney disease [odds ratio (OR) 5.0, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.6\u20137.1] and retinopathy (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2\u20132.5), but lower odds of neuropathy (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4\u20130.6) than white Europeans. South Asians<jats:sub>India<\/jats:sub> had significantly greater adjusted odds of diabetic kidney disease (OR 3.0, 95% 1.8\u20135.3) than South Asians<jats:sub>UK<\/jats:sub>, but there was no significant difference in the odds of other complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this hypothesis\u2010generating study, we report that South Asian ethnicity is associated with greater risk of diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy, and lower risk of neuropathy than white European ethnicity. Part of the excess diabetic kidney disease risk is reduced in South Asians<jats:sub>UK<\/jats:sub>. These associations cannot be accounted for by differences in vascular risk factors. Our findings in South Asians with type 1 diabetes mirror previous findings in type 2 diabetes and now need to be validated in a study of the effect of ethnicity on type 1 diabetes complications where healthcare is provided in the same setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T08:57:39Z","timestamp":1573635459000},"page":"2136-2142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The increased risk of microvascular complications in South Asians with type 1 diabetes is influenced by migration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.R.","family":"Chetan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.K.","family":"Miksza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.M.","family":"Anjana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Amutha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.S.","family":"Shanthi Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Jebarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Khunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4583-8793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Narendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision","author":"United Nations Population Division","DOI":"10.18356\/08b807d4-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales","author":"Office for National Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Hypertension in Adults: Diagnosis and Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00326-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Diabetes Prevalence 2017","author":"Diabetes UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"2011 Census","author":"Office for National Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Type 1 Diabetes in Adults: Diagnosis and Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-2-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Census of India 2011","author":"Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38009-9","article-title":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study design and baseline patient characteristics. 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