{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:59:48Z","timestamp":1784001588811,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether the neonatal and delivery outcomes of gestational diabetes vary seasonally in the context of a relatively cool temperate climate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospect cohort of 23 735 women consecutively delivering singleton, live\u2010born term infants in a single tertiary obstetrics centre in the UK (2004\u20132008) was identified. A total of 985 (4.1%) met the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes. Additive dynamic regression models, adjusted for maternal age, BMI, parity and ethnicity, were used to compare gestational diabetes incidence and outcomes over annual cycles. Outcomes included: random plasma glucose at booking; gestational diabetes diagnosis; birth weight centile; and delivery mode.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of gestational diabetes varied by 30% from peak incidence (October births) to lowest incidence (March births; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.031). Ambient temperature at time of testing (28 weeks) was strongly positively associated with diagnosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). Significant seasonal variation was evident in birth weight in gestational diabetes\u2010affected pregnancies (average 54<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> centile June to September; average 60<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> centile December to March; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.027). Emergency Caesarean rates also showed significant seasonal variation of up to 50% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.038), which was closely temporally correlated with increased birth weights.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is substantial seasonal variation in gestational diabetes incidence and maternal\u2013fetal outcomes, even in a relatively cool temperate climate. The highest average birth weight and greatest risk of emergency Caesarean delivery occurs in women delivering during the spring months. Recognizing seasonal variation in neonatal and delivery outcomes provides new opportunity for individualizing approaches to managing gestational diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T03:08:25Z","timestamp":1579403305000},"page":"674-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Seasonal variations in incidence and maternal\u2013fetal outcomes of gestational diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. L.","family":"Meek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Cambridge University Hospitals Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic Cambridge University Hospitals Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry Peterborough City Hospital Peterborough UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Devoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Rosie Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Western Sydney University Campbelltown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Patient","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Rosie Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Aiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6876-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. R.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic Cambridge University Hospitals Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Norwich Medical School Bob Champion Research Building University of East Anglia Norwich UK"},{"name":"Department of Women's Health King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6510-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. E.","family":"Aiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Rosie Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals Cambridge UK"},{"name":"University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Cambridge NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1040-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4637-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0176-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2559a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8905474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530317666170808155526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91711-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000286"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4710-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"UK Meterological Office data from weather station Cambridge UK. 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