{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T01:16:49Z","timestamp":1788052609077,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exists as a spectrum of disease ranging from excessive accumulation of fat within the liver (simple steatosis), inflammation (non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis) through to fibrosis, cirrhosis and end\u2010stage liver disease. There is also an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The principal risk factor for NAFLD is overweight or obesity, along with type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD itself is also a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes. Overweight\/obesity is synergistic with alcohol consumption in causing progressive and insidious liver damage. Recent consensus advocates a change in nomenclature from NAFLD to \u2018metabolic associated fatty liver disease\u2019 (MAFLD), reflective of the associated metabolic abnormalities (insulin resistance\/type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome components). Additional extra\u2010hepatic manifestations of NAFLD include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and certain cancers. Unlike other micro\u2010 and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes, systematic screening or surveillance protocols have not been widely adopted in routine diabetes care to assess for presence\/severity of NAFLD. Various screening tools are available (non\u2010invasive tests and biochemical indices) combined with imaging techniques (e.g. transient elastography) to detect steatosis and more importantly advanced fibrosis\/cirrhosis to facilitate appropriate surveillance. Liver biopsy may be sometimes necessary. Treatment options for type 2 diabetes, including lifestyle interventions (dietary change and physical activity), glucose\u2010lowering therapies and metabolic surgery, can modulate hepatic steatosis and to a lesser extent fibrosis. Awareness of the impact of liver disease on the choice of glucose\u2010lowering medications in individuals with type 2 diabetes is also critical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T18:02:41Z","timestamp":1593799361000},"page":"1793-1806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mechanisms, screening modalities and treatment options for individuals with non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7768-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. 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