{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:31:04Z","timestamp":1790681464929,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes, and its age\u2010related association with diabetes complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australian National Diabetes Information Audit and Benchmarking (ANDIAB) was a well\u2010established quality audit programme. It provided cross\u2010sectional data on people attending specialist diabetes services across Australia. We determined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (WHO criteria) in adults with type 1 diabetes and its associations with diabetes complications across age groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 30% in 2120 adults with type 1 diabetes. Prevalence increased with age: 21% in those aged &lt;40 years, 35% in those aged 40\u201360 years, and 44% in those aged &gt;60 years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001), which was driven by an increase in hypertension rate. Metabolic syndrome was associated with a higher prevalence of microvascular, macrovascular and foot complications, with the greatest impact at a younger age. The odds ratio for macrovascular complications with metabolic syndrome, compared with without, was 5.9 (95% CI 2.1\u201316.4) in people aged &lt;40 years, 2.7 (95% CI 1.7\u20134.2) in those aged 40\u201360 years, and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1\u20132.7) in those aged &gt;60 years (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Metformin use was higher in those with metabolic syndrome (16% vs 4%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this large Australian cohort, metabolic syndrome was common in type 1 diabetes and identified people at increased risk of the spectrum of diabetes complications, particularly in young to middle\u2010aged adults. Potential clinical implications are that therapies targeting insulin resistance in this high\u2010risk group may reduce diabetes complications and should be explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1596318010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes and its association with diabetes complications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9107-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Diabetes Centre Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School in Sydney Medical School Faculty of Medicine and Health Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Bankstown\u2010Lidcombe Hospital Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M.","family":"Twigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Diabetes Centre Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School in Sydney Medical School Faculty of Medicine and Health Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. R.","family":"Flack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Bankstown\u2010Lidcombe Hospital Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Western Sydney University Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61794-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2904-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2006.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(10)70063-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30194-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00565.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.Definition Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. WHO\/NCD\/NCS\/992. 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program [NGSP] website. Available athttp:\/\/www.ngsp.org\/convert1.asp."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdm.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.9.2135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0333-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.4.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health.Australian National Diabetes Audit \u2013 Australian Quality Clinical Audit 2019 Annual Report."}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdme.14376","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.14376","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dme.14376","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.14376","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T15:30:25Z","timestamp":1693582225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.14376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.14376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14376","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14376"}}