{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:46:23Z","timestamp":1787791583166,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the hypothesis that, based on their glucose curves during a seven\u2010point oral glucose tolerance test, people at elevated type 2 diabetes risk can be divided into subgroups with different clinical profiles at baseline and different degrees of subsequent glycaemic deterioration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 2126 participants at elevated type 2 diabetes risk from the Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (IMI\u2010DIRECT) study. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to identify subgroups from a seven\u2010point oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and follow\u2010up. Linear models quantified the associations between the subgroups with glycaemic traits at baseline and 18\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, we identified four glucose curve subgroups, labelled in order of increasing peak levels as 1\u20134. Participants in Subgroups 2\u20134, were more likely to have higher insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment) and a lower Matsuda index, than those in Subgroup 1. Overall, participants in Subgroups 3 and 4, had higher glycaemic trait values, with the exception of the Matsuda and insulinogenic indices. At 18\u00a0months, change in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was higher in Subgroup 4 (\u03b2 = 0.36, 95% CI 0.13\u20130.58), Subgroup 3 (\u03b2 = 0.30; 95% CI 0.10\u20130.50) and Subgroup 2 (\u03b2 = 0.18; 95% CI 0.04\u20130.32), compared to Subgroup 1. The same was observed for C\u2010peptide and insulin. Five subgroups were identified at follow\u2010up, and the majority of participants remained in the same subgroup or progressed to higher peak subgroups after 18\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from a frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test, glucose curve patterns associated with different clinical characteristics and different rates of subsequent glycaemic deterioration can be identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T08:43:28Z","timestamp":1602924208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical profiles of post\u2010load glucose subgroups and their association with glycaemic traits over time: An IMI\u2010DIRECT study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6788-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Obura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science Amsterdam Public Health research institute VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. W. J.","family":"Beulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science Amsterdam Public Health research institute VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Slieker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science Amsterdam Public Health research institute VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. D. M.","family":"Koopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science Amsterdam Public Health research institute VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science Amsterdam Public Health research institute VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Nijpels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Elders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Data Science Amsterdam Public Health research institute VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"Koivula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit Lund University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM) University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kurbasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit Lund University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Endocrinology Slagelse Hospital Slagelse Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ridderstr\u00e5le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Pavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eli Lilly Regional Operations GmbH Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Forgie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular &amp; Diabetes Medicine Medical Research Institute University of Dundee Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Jablonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi\u2010Aventis Deutschland GmbH R&amp;D Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Ruetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi\u2010Aventis Deutschland GmbH R&amp;D Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Research Council Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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