{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:25:13Z","timestamp":1773037513273,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intensive glycaemic control is associated with substantial health benefits in people with type 1 diabetes. We sought to examine clinical and demographic factors associated with meeting glycaemic targets in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis of 4594 individuals with type 1 diabetes. The primary outcome of the study was assessing factors associated with meeting HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> targets. Secondary endpoints included factors associated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) use and persistent C\u2010peptide secretion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Socioeconomic deprivation was strongly associated with a lower likelihood of achieving an HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> &lt;58\u00a0mmol\/mol (7.5%) (20% in the most deprived quintile vs. 40% in the least deprived, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In multivariate analysis, absence of smoking history (OR 3.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), flash monitoring (OR 1.49, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), CSII (1.43, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022) and longer diabetes duration (OR 1.02 per year, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) were independently associated with achieving HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> &lt;58\u00a0mmol\/mol (7.5%), whereas increasing age (OR 0.99 per year, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) and C\u2010peptide &lt;50\u00a0pM (OR 0.58, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were associated with a lower likelihood of meeting this target. Low C\u2010peptide (&lt;50\u00a0pM) was less likely in men (OR 0.55, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and never smokers (0.44, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) in multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower levels of deprivation, non\u2010smoking, higher C\u2010peptide, technology use, lower BMI and male gender were all associated with a higher likelihood of meeting HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> targets. Access to proven diabetes treatments is lower in the most deprived individuals. Urgent efforts are required to provide treatments which are effective across the socioeconomic gradient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T17:16:10Z","timestamp":1604164570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Socioeconomic deprivation, technology use, C\u2010peptide, smoking and other predictors of glycaemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Dover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark W. J.","family":"Strachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Western General Hospital Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8214-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Western General Hospital Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland H.","family":"Stimson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"BHF\/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Lyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohana J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes St John\u2019s Hospital Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shareen","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"BHF\/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fraser W.","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"BHF\/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.16107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7367.746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4894-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00791-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05099-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Recommendations | Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE [Internet]. 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Available from:https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng17\/chapter\/1\u2010Recommendations"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-00720-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4900-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.7.1084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12879"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0345"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"358","article-title":"Diabetes education program use and patient\u2010perceived barriers to attendance","volume":"31","author":"Graziani C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1392-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.32"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.14445","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dme.14445","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.14445","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T03:57:10Z","timestamp":1693713430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.14445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.14445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14445","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14445"}}