{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:55:53Z","timestamp":1790985353740,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluid and electrolyte therapy in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) management has been controversial. Previous National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2015 guidance advocated a restricted fluid regimen while more recent guidelines have advocated a more liberal approach to fluid replacement in DKA. At the core of the debate is the need to avoid developing cerebral oedema as a complication. Although subtle asymptomatic cerebral oedema is common in children presenting in DKA, clinically apparent cerebral oedema is rare and has been reported in approximately 0.5%\u20131% of DKA cases in children. Recent research evidence has shown that there was no clear evidence of a difference in rates of clinically apparent cerebral injury in children in DKA managed with a range of fluid volumes and rates of rehydration. In view of this, NICE has updated its guideline. In this paper, we review literature evidence underpinning the current understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral oedema in children and discuss the rationale for the new NICE guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T02:25:04Z","timestamp":1620527104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Fluid and electrolyte therapy in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis management: A rationale for new national guideline"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8593-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Chizo","family":"Agwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medicine and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3449-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sze M.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department Southport and Ormskirk NHS Trust Ormskirk UK"},{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.4.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management 2015. 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