{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:58:14Z","timestamp":1771667894496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A27589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A27589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) course teaches insulin dose adjustment to match dietary carbohydrates and improve glycaemic control in participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We investigated the association between socioeconomic deprivation and reduction in HbA1c as a marker of sustained glycaemic control, after attending DAFNE education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective observational study identified adults with T1DM who attended DAFNE training in NHS Lothian, South East Scotland. We extracted age, sex, postcode\u2010based Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) quintiles and annual HbA1c measurements available four years before and after course attendance. We calculated mean HbA1c before (baseline) and after attendance at DAFNE, across four annual measurements. Change in mean HbA1c (mmol\/mol) was categorised into three groups: decrease (\u2265\u2009\u2212\u20092.5), no change (&lt;\u00b12.5), increase (\u2265\u2009+\u20092.5). We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression, with baseline mean HbA1c as a covariate, to investigate the association of SIMD quintile with reduction in mean HbA1c.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>335 participants were included. Age and sex distribution were similar across SIMD quintiles (Mean age\u00a0=\u00a045, range 21\u201391, 59% women). Lower SIMD quintiles (greater deprivation) had higher baseline mean HbA1c (SIMD 1: 76.0, SIMD 5: 69.0). Higher SIMD quintiles (lower deprivation) were associated with lower odds of no change\/increase in mean HbA1c (SIMD 5, odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a00.25, 95% confidence interval 0.10, 0.58, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001, multivariable analysis).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Socioeconomic deprivation was associated with higher baseline mean HbA1c and lower reduction in HbA1c following DAFNE education. Future research could explore causes and how best to support participants from deprived areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Previous submissions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work has not been previously submitted to a journal.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This work was presented as a poster at The ABCD Conference 2021 and the abstract (of no more than 300 words) from the meeting has been published:<\/jats:p><jats:p>Innes CWD, Henshall DE, Wilson B, Poon M, Morley SD, Ritchie SA. Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with reduced efficacy of an insulin adjustment education programme for people with type 1 diabetes. Br J Diabetes. 2021; 21: 293\u2013296.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T08:54:23Z","timestamp":1655542463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with reduced efficacy of an insulin adjustment education program for people with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Callum W. D.","family":"Innes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Royal Infirmary  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-3969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Henshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Maidstone Hospital  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth University Hospital  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael T. C.","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute University of Edinburgh Medical School  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences University of Edinburgh Medical School  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes Western General Hospital  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Scottish Diabetes Survey Monitoring Group.Scottish diabetes survey2016.https:\/\/www.diabetesinscotland.org.uk\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Diabetes\u2010in\u2010Scotland\u2010website\u2010Scottish\u2010Diabetes\u2010Survey\u20102016.pdf. 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