{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:24:21Z","timestamp":1791404661044,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis was to assess how running and cycling influence the magnitude of blood glucose (BG) excursions in individuals with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ISI Web of Knowledge for publications from January 1950 until February 2021. Parameters included for analysis were population (adults and adolescents), exercise type, intensity, duration and insulin preparation. The meta\u2010analysis was performed to estimate the pooled mean with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of delta BG levels. In addition, sub\u2010group and meta\u2010regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of these parameters on delta BG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The database search identified 3192 articles of which 69 articles were included in the meta\u2010analysis. Due to crossover designs within articles, 151 different results were included for analysis. Data from 1901 exercise tests of individuals with type 1 diabetes with a mean age of 29\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u2009years were included. Overall, exercise tests BG decreased by \u22123.1\u2009mmol\/L [\u22123.4; \u22122.8] within a mean duration of 46\u2009\u00b1\u200921\u2009min. The pooled mean decrease in BG for running was \u22124.1\u2009mmol\/L [\u22124.7; \u22122.4], whilst the pooled mean decrease in BG for cycling was \u22122.7\u2009mmol\/L [\u22123.0; \u22122.4] (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Overall results can be found in Table <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#dme14981-supitem-0001\">S2<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Running led to a larger decrease in BG in comparison to cycling. Active individuals with type 1 diabetes should be aware that current recommendations for glycaemic management need to be more specific to the mode of exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T06:54:55Z","timestamp":1666162495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Blood glucose response to running or cycling in individuals with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Max L.","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BaySpo \u2010 Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Research Group Exercise Physiology and Metabolism University Bayreuth  Bayreuth Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary 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