{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:45:06Z","timestamp":1792097106719,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The direct cost of diabetes to the UK health system was estimated at around \u00a310 billion in 2012. This analysis updates that estimate using more recent and accurate data sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A pragmatic review of relevant data sources for UK nations was conducted, including population\u2010level data sets and published literature, to generate estimates of costs separately for Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes. A comprehensive cost framework, developed in collaboration with experts, was used to create a population\u2010based cost of illness model.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The key driver of the analysis was prevalence of diabetes and its complications. Estimates were made of the excess costs of diagnosis, treatment and diabetes\u2010related complications compared with the general UK population. Estimates of the indirect costs of diabetes focused on productivity losses due to absenteeism and premature mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The direct costs of diabetes in 2021\/22 for the UK were estimated at \u00a310.7 billion, of which just over 40% related to diagnosis and treatment, with the rest relating to the excess costs of complications. Indirect costs were estimated at \u00a33.3 billion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes remains a considerable cost burden in the UK, and the majority of those costs are still spent on potentially preventable complications. Although rates of some complications are reducing, prevalence continues to increase and effective approaches to primary and secondary prevention continue to be needed. Improvements in data capture, data quality and reporting, and further research on the human and financial implications of increasing incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger people are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T23:43:50Z","timestamp":1718754230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Estimation of the direct health and indirect societal costs of diabetes in the\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>\n                    using a cost of illness model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Hex","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium, Enterprise House, Innovation Way University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium, Enterprise House, Innovation Way University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pocock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium, Enterprise House, Innovation Way University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Uzdzinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium, Enterprise House, Innovation Way University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Health Economics Consortium, Enterprise House, Innovation Way University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Atkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Beba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Yorkshire Health and Care Partnership  Wakefield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes UK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"NHS England.National Diabetes Audit 2021\u201322 Data Release.2021.https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data\u2010and\u2010information\/publications\/statistical\/national\u2010diabetes\u2010audit\/nda\u2010core\u201021\u201022\/nda\u2010core\u201021\u201022\u2010data"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"NHS Scotland.Scottish Diabetes Survey 2022.2022.https:\/\/www.diabetesinscotland.org.uk\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Scottish\u2010Diabetes\u2010Survey\u20102022.pdf#new_tab"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Department of Health.Raw Disease Prevalence in Northern Ireland \u2013 2022\/23.https:\/\/www.health\u2010ni.gov.uk\/news\/raw\u2010disease\u2010prevalence\u2010northern\u2010ireland\u2010202223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics.Population Estimates for the UK England Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland.2022.https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/datasets\/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"National Clinical Guideline Centre National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).Clinical Guideline NG17. 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