{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:08:37Z","timestamp":1784639317862,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incorrectly fitting footwear (IFF) poses a risk of trauma to at\u2010risk feet with diabetes. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise and assess the evidence that IFF is a statistically significant cause of ulceration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar for English\u2010language peer\u2010reviewed studies reporting the number or percentage of people with diabetes\u2010related foot ulceration (DFU) attributed to wearing IFF and included a physical examination of the footwear worn. Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>4318 results were retrieved excluding duplicates with 45 studies shortlisted. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria with most rated as fair (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) or good (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093). There is some evidence that DFU is significantly associated with IFF, but this is limited: only 3 of 10 included studies found a statistically significant percentage of those with DFU were wearing IFF or inappropriate footwear which included fastening, material, type or fit (15.0%\u201393.3%). Risk of bias in these three studies ranged from \u2018fair\u2019 to \u2018poor\u2019. IFF definitions were often unreported or heterogeneous. Only one study reported IFF\u2010related ulcer sites: 70% were at plantar hallux\/toes and 10% at plantar metatarsal heads.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is some evidence that IFF is a cause of DFU, but further research is needed, which defines IFF, and methodically records footwear assessment, ulcer location and physical activity. Researchers need to uncover why IFF is worn and if this is due to economic factors, a need for footwear education or other reasons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T17:40:07Z","timestamp":1721151607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Footwear fit as a causal factor in diabetes\u2010related foot ulceration: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Diabetes Centre University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1887-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Frykberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9987-9371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Diabetes Centre University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex V.","family":"Rowlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance University of South Australia  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2018.10.097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.920.344"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14661"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01554.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"An overview of footwear provision for the diabetic foot","volume":"1","author":"Lord M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetic Foot"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-5-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes \u2013 2023 update. 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