{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T04:55:04Z","timestamp":1785041704746,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BAims\/Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>CODIFI2 compared wound swabbing and tissue sampling in people with infected diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) to determine the effects on clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicentre, Phase III, prospective, non\u2010blind, 2\u2010arm parallel group, randomised controlled trial comparing time to ulcer healing (primary outcome), proportions healed, antimicrobial regimen, ulcer area reduction, hospitalisation duration, and time to death for swab compared to tissue sampling. Allocation was via a central and independent randomisation system, with minimisation by DFU site, number, type, size, location, and duration.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Follow\u2010up was 52\u2013104\u2009weeks, with healing confirmed by a blinded assessor. Samplesize target was 730 participants for 90% power to detect a 12.5% difference in healing at 52\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between May 2019 and May 2022, 149 participants were recruited (75 Swab, 74 Tissue) from 21 UK sites. The 52\u2010week cumulative incidence of confirmed healing as the first event was 45.3% (33.5%\u201356.4%) and 44.6% (33.0\u201355.6%) for swab vs. tissue. The hazard ratio (HR) for healing for tissue vs. swab was 1.01 (95% CI 0.65\u20131.55). The median (IQR) days in hospital was 17 (12\u201339) for swab and 16 (10\u201332) for tissue. Seventeen swab and 7 tissue participants died during follow\u2010up, and 18.7% and 24.3% of participants in the swab and tissue groups, respectively, had an amputation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions\/Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>This trial was underpowered to determine whether swab or tissue sampling impacted the rate of healing or time to healing. Clinical prescribing and patient outcomes differed slightly between groups; hence, the clinical benefit of tissue sampling is not established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T21:42:06Z","timestamp":1741729326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>CODIFI2<\/scp>: Randomised controlled trial to compare clinical and cost\u2010effectiveness of swabs versus tissue sampling to inform management of infected diabetic foot ulcers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. 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