{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:31:46Z","timestamp":1783431106754,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although hybrid closed\u2010loop systems (HCLS) and sensor\u2010augmented pump (SAP) therapy are advanced diabetes management technologies for type 1 diabetes, their relative efficacy in optimising glycaemic control is not fully established. This meta\u2010analysis evaluated the impact of HCLS versus SAP therapy on glucose regulation across multiple randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and randomised crossover trials (RCOs). The primary aim was to determine the efficacy of HCLS in improving glycaemic control, reducing glucose variability and enhancing time in range (TIR) compared with SAP therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review was prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as CRD42023488722. Data from 27 studies involving over 1000 participants were analysed. The studies included both RCTs and RCOs that compared HCLS with SAP therapy. Key metrics assessed were mean glucose levels, glucose variability (coefficient of variation and standard deviation), low blood glucose index (LBGI), high blood glucose index (HBGI), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and TIR (3.9\u201310.0\u2009mmol\/L). Hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia outcomes were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HCLS significantly reduced mean glucose levels by 2.0\u2009mg\/dL compared with SAP therapy. It also decreased glucose variability, including CV and SD, and reduced LBGI, HBGI and HbA1c. HCLS increased TIR by 8.8%. Regarding hyperglycaemia, HCLS reduced the time spent above 10\u2009mmol\/L by 7.8%, above 13.9\u2009mmol\/L by 3.63% and above 16.7\u2009mmol\/L by 0.88%. Hypoglycaemia outcomes showed modest improvements, with reductions in time below 3\u2009mmol\/L by 0.10% and below 3.9\u2009mmol\/L by 0.72%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support HCLS as a superior modality to SAP therapy in improving glycaemic control, particularly in paediatric populations. HCLS effectively reduces hyperglycaemia and increases TIR, with modest effects on hypoglycaemia. The clinical implications are significant, highlighting the advantages of HCLS in optimising glucose regulation and mitigating glycaemic variability. This technology offers improved glycaemic control and enhanced quality of life for people living with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:28:15Z","timestamp":1768292895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hybrid closed\u2010loop insulin delivery improves glycaemic control compared with sensor\u2010augmented pump therapy: A meta\u2010analysis of \u2018free\u2010living\u2019 randomised trials in type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3342-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amardeep S.","family":"Sidki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Leicester Medical School University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Highton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren L.","family":"O'Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"},{"name":"Leicester Diabetes Centre University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Leicester General Hospital  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci21-0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02778-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Guideline Development Group.Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management NICE guidelines [NG17].2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968241292369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.0496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"Reddy N","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816672689"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01160-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"NHS England.Hybrid closed loop technologies: 5\u2010year implementation strategy.2024. 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