{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:06:44Z","timestamp":1779296804176,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative interviews were conducted as part of the development of a person\u2010reported outcome measure (PROM) to assess biopsychosocial\u2010spiritual outcomes of parents of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The aims were to (i) explore the biopsychosocial\u2010spiritual experiences of parents in the MENA region (ii) identify biopsychosocial\u2010spiritual constructs of the PROM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two focus groups were conducted with\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095 mothers of children with T1D (online), one focus group with\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093 healthcare professionals (online) and one focus group with\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096 policymakers (in person) interested in PROM development in Saudi Arabia. Four semi\u2010structured interviews were conducted with\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094 fathers of children with T1D in Saudi Arabia (online). Interviews were audio\u2010recorded and transcribed verbatim using a thematic analysis approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four main themes and several sub\u2010themes were identified: (1)\n                      <jats:italic>emotional well\u2010being:<\/jats:italic>\n                      (a) \u2018Darkness as we face the unknown\u2019: distress, worry and anxiety (b) familiarisation and empowerment: coping and optimism; (2)\n                      <jats:italic>bio\u2010physical well\u2010being:<\/jats:italic>\n                      (c) \u2018I have to be vigilant\u2019: insomnia and fear of hypoglycaemia; (3)\n                      <jats:italic>social impact and well\u2010being:<\/jats:italic>\n                      (d) stigma, sacrifice and support; and (4)\n                      <jats:italic>spiritual well\u2010being:<\/jats:italic>\n                      (e) \u2018I leaned in on spirituality\u2019: hope and acceptance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The themes and sub\u2010themes depict that diabetes has an impact on parents' biopsychosocial\u2010spiritual well\u2010being. All stakeholders had positive reflections in relation to the value of the development of a PROM as a tool for early detection of issues related to parents' biopsychosocial\u2010spiritual well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T04:09:01Z","timestamp":1774843741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018Darkness as we face the unknown\u2019: Biopsychosocial\u2010spiritual experiences of parents of children and young people with type 1 diabetes from the Middle East and North Africa (\n                    <scp>MENA<\/scp>\n                    ) region"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Asaad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6013-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haya Abu","family":"Ghazaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Tzouvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shatha","family":"Alsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1281-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"Sturt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9408370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation.IDFAnnual Report.2022https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/idfawp\/resource\u2010files\/2022\/12\/IDF\u2010T1D\u2010Index\u2010Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840713484386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2018.1487758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2022.2107151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2377960819870979"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children from the transfer of caring role","volume":"6","author":"Khandan M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Saudi Diabetes Clinical Practice Guidelines (SDCPG).2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6111661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.6.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199856169.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2022.102208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.suppl_3.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Guba EG","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Qualtrics.2024.https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"NVivo (Version 14).2023www.lumivero.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Metaphors of light and darkness in the holy Qoran: conceptual approach","volume":"308","author":"Berrada K","year":"2006","journal-title":"BASSAMAT"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Abdul KarimA Zainal AbidinM.The nature and concept of light in Islam: Insights from Al\u2010Ghazali's Mishkat AlAnwar and scientific theories pertaining to light.2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163231186173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0806-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01045-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216316634245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.6366.3897"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Mother's experience of having children with diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Abolhassani S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-019-0170-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000541802"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.70303","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dme.70303","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.70303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:21:12Z","timestamp":1779294072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.70303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.70303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.70303","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70303"}}