{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T17:58:12Z","timestamp":1781200692512,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relationship between pre\u2010incarceration social determinants, demographic and clinical factors, and glycaemic control in African Americans with a history of criminal legal involvement and type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and seventy\u2010one adults were recruited from medical records and community centres in the Midwestern United States. The model was estimated using stepwise regression with forward selection to evaluate the relationship between pre\u2010incarceration factors, demographic factors, clinical factors and glycaemic control among African Americans with a history of criminal legal involvement and type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The fully adjusted model showed that age, comorbidity count and medication were significantly associated with glycaemic control. Compared to using only oral hypoglycaemic agents, the combination of pills\/oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 1.30; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.99) and using insulin or injectables alone (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.87; 95% CI: 0.07, 1.67) were associated with an increase in HbA1c. Additionally, each additional comorbidity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      : \u22120.22; 95% CI: \u22120.37, \u22120.08) was associated with a 0.22% decrease in HbA1c, and each unit increase in age (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      : \u22120.05; 95% CI: \u22120.09, \u22120.01) was associated with a 0.05% decrease in HbA1c.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre\u2010incarceration factors were not associated with glycaemic control in African Americans with a history of criminal legal involvement and type 2 diabetes. Interventions that account for factors such as comorbidity, age and medication are essential for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T04:46:05Z","timestamp":1777265165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between pre\u2010incarceration related social determinants and glycaemic control in African Americans with criminal legal involvement and type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Olaitan","family":"Akinboboye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine Western Michigan University  Kalamazoo Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hawks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Center for Advancing Population Science (CAPS) Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joni S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Center for Advancing Population Science (CAPS) Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard E.","family":"Egede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.National Diabetes Statistics Report 2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/data\/statistics\u2010report\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0085"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1375"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0195-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","volume-title":"Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. 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