{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:11:14Z","timestamp":1789186274970,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with non\u2010proliferative DR (NPDR) representing its most prevalent form. Early identification of high\u2010risk individuals remains challenging due to the complexity and poor interpretability of existing machine learning models. This study aims to develop a clinically interpretable Logistic regression model for NPDR risk prediction using routinely available clinical indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective cohort of 421 T2DM patients from a single centre was divided into training (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009295) and validation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009126) sets. Demographic, glycemic (fasting glucose, HbA1c), renal (UACR) and ophthalmologic (macular oedema) data were collected. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression with stepwise selection identified independent predictors. Model performance was evaluated using area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and Hosmer\u2013Lemeshow goodness\u2010of\u2010fit. Internal validation was performed via bootstrapping (1000 replicates), and external validation used an independent cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four independent predictors were identified: macular oedema (OR\u2009=\u20093.247), fasting glucose (OR\u2009=\u20092.194), HbA1c (OR\u2009=\u20092.799) and UACR (OR\u2009=\u20091.153). The model demonstrated excellent discrimination in the training set (AUC\u2009=\u20090.949, sensitivity\u2009=\u200986.4%, specificity\u2009=\u200995.5%) and good calibration (H\u2013L test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.358). Bootstrap validation confirmed stability of HbA1c and UACR. External validation yielded an AUC of 0.918, with a positive predictive value of 91.1% and maintained calibration (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.282).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The constructed Logistic regression model accurately predicts NPDR risk using four readily available clinical variables, offering high discriminative power, interpretability and clinical utility for stratifying high\u2010risk T2DM patients in primary care settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T05:16:47Z","timestamp":1780118207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of construction and validation of logistic regression model in risk prediction of non\u2010proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Nursing Department The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Surgical Department The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minfeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhua","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangningzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Ophthalmology Department The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4161-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Medical Center, Deanery The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital  Wuxi Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733998324556240910061514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107840"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and non\u2010proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Asian T2DM patients: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yang QH","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39864-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16707"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S487047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.0046"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"Investigation of the potential association between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Agapitou C","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03633-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i12.2302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30250-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02442-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02487-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0928-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.88343"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1383345"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03540-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","article-title":"Relationship between diabetic nephropathy and development of diabetic macular edema in addition to diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i7.1103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.81029"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.70374","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dme.70374","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.70374","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:00:25Z","timestamp":1789185625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.70374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.70374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.70374","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70374"}}