{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:45:20Z","timestamp":1792053920131,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010053","name":"Oxford Brookes University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes is a condition of global concern that can be mitigated through self\u2010management education. Virtual reality (VR) technology offers an immersive and interactive approach. It may promote self\u2010care and access to healthcare information. This study aimed to explore the experiences of adult participants with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes during the piloting of a 3D Automatic Virtual Reality Environment (VR\u2010CAVE) approach to diabetes education. The study objective was to capture the participants' ideas for the future development of VR technology as a diabetes educational tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited fifteen adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes and invited them to a short diabetes education module in the VR\u2010CAVE. Subsequently, we undertook qualitative focus group interviews to elicit and evaluate the participants' experiences of various design elements and their considerations for future development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three categories emerged: \u2018Experience of an immersive learning environment for diabetes education\u2019, \u2018Comparison with prior diabetes educational experiences\u2019 and \u2018Imagined development of the VR\u2010CAVE technology\u2019. The participants reported a novel experience and a better understanding of the physiology of diabetes. The presence of an avatar felt non\u2010judgemental.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants are open to using a VR\u2010CAVE for diabetes education. This study identifies aspects that could be enhanced through an immersive environment. Further research is needed to realise the benefits for the diabetes community and scale\u2010up the virtual reality resources and technology for different platforms to enable access for individuals and health service organisations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1783542696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Piloting an immersive virtual reality\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    self\u2010management education experience for adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion A.","family":"Waite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2782-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Kozlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Krezalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Duce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arantza","family":"Aldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Health, Science &amp; Technology Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Diabetes.2021. Accessed May 6 2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"KarP.Transforming diabetes care community\u2010centred digital solutions for early prevention. Presented at: advanced technologies and treatment for diabetes2024. Accessed February 12 2024.https:\/\/attd.unlok\u2010education.com\/#\/online\u2010course\u2010player\/1e15379b\u20103069\u2010435f\u2010aa60\u2010482f5bc78da2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Diabetes UK.Diabetes education: learning to look after your diabetes. Accessed August 15 2025.https:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/about\u2010diabetes\/looking\u2010after\u2010diabetes\/education"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00444-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"DirksenJ DiTommasoD.Augmented and virtual reality for behavior change. E\u2010learning guild report2019. 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