{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:17:16Z","timestamp":1788239836976,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine sex\u2010based differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectories for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) over 10\u2009years and to test the hypothesis that sex and ethnicity interaction predicts eGFR decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cohort of 1495 individuals, 48% men (81% White, 12% African\u2010Caribbean and 7% Other) and baseline eGFR \u226545\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      was analysed. Group\u2010based trajectory modelling (GBTM) was used to identify eGFR sex\u2010specific trajectories, and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the role of sex and ethnicity interaction in predicting eGFR heterogeneity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five eGFR trajectories were identified in both women and men. Rapid decline (&gt;3\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/year) occurred in 5.75% of women and 10% of men. Among women, the group included 12.3% of the African\u2010Caribbean and 4.8% of the White; among men, it included 24.3% of the African\u2010Caribbean, 22.2% of the Asian and 8.3% of the White. Mild\/Stable decline was observed in 16% of women and 27% of men.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean eGFR was lower by (\u221220 [95% CI \u221225, \u221215] mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/year) in African\u2010Caribbean women and (\u221215 [\u221221, \u22129]) in men, compared to White women and men respectively. The lowest eGFR sex gap observed in African\u2010Caribbeans, and the highest in \u2018Other\u2019.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interactions between sex and ethnicity may determine the heterogeneity in kidney function decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1788237071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of sex and ethnicity in the variability of estimated glomerular filtration rate (\n                    <scp>eGFR<\/scp>\n                    ) in people with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma","family":"Ayis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine School of Life Course &amp; Population Sciences, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Ozdede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine &amp; Sciences, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gnudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences &amp; Medicine British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine &amp; Sciences, King's College London  London 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