{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:40:54Z","timestamp":1792359654410,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF17OC0027826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate\u2010to\u2010vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and adequate, high\u2010quality sleep are important for cardiometabolic health in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) but are likely reduced during early motherhood. These behaviours may be associated; however, device\u2010measured sleep data and studies of these associations remain scarce in this population. This cross sectional study characterised MVPA and sleep patterns and examined their associations in women with recent GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Face\u2010it trial, 185 women provided device\u2010measured MVPA and sleep data 1\u2009year after delivery. Sleep variables included duration and efficiency, reflecting sleep quantity and quality. Duration was categorised as &lt;6, 6\u20138 (reference) and &gt;8\u2009h\/night. Associations with MVPA were analysed using linear mixed\u2010effects models with site as a random intercept, adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two\u2010thirds (61.6%) met WHO recommendations for moderate\u2010intensity physical activity (PA), whereas few (3.2%) met recommendations for vigorous\u2010intensity PA. Most met recommendations for sleep duration (87.6%) and sleep efficiency (83.8%). Compared to 6\u20138\u2009h\/night, there was no difference in MVPA among those sleeping &lt;6\u2009h\/night (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22122.5, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u221211.8, 6.7,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.593). Durations &gt;8\u2009h\/night were associated with less MVPA (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u221213.5, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u221223.0, \u22124.0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006). Sleep efficiency was positively associated with MVPA (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.6, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.1, 1.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between high\u2010quality sleep and greater MVPA suggests that PA and sleep may not only independently be relevant to cardiometabolic health but may also be associated in women with recent GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1792358780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical activity and sleep patterns in women 1\u2009year after gestational diabetes: Results from the Face\u2010it study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5476-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona Ryom","family":"Eskildsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majken Lillholm","family":"Pico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen  Herlev Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Translational Research Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6718-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Christian","family":"Br\u00f8nd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Center of Research in Childhood Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8578-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Borg","family":"Bugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2234-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulla","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5084-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Anne","family":"Vinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Odense  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Odense University Hospital  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0838-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per Glud","family":"Ovesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2067-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Damm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Gynaecology, Fertility and Obstetrics Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3279-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth Reinhardt","family":"Mathiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorte M\u00f8ller","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Odense  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Odense University Hospital  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0525-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helle Terkildsen","family":"Maindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen  Herlev Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoline Kragelund","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3157-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inger Katrine","family":"Dahl\u2010Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Face\u2010it Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Det Medicinske F\u00f8dselsregister [The Danish Medical Birth Registry].Nyf\u00f8dte og F\u00f8dsler (1997\u2010) [Newborns and Births (1997\u2010)]. eSundhed.dk. Accessed February 21 2025.https:\/\/www.esundhed.dk\/Emner\/Graviditet\u2010foedsler\u2010og\u2010boern\/Nyfoedte\u2010og\u2010foedsler\u20101997\u2010"},{"issue":"109050","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in pregnancy study Group's criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang H","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1361","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"369","author":"Vounzoulaki E","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12645","article-title":"Long\u2010term risk of diabetes in women at varying durations after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis with more than 2 million women","volume":"19","author":"Song C","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.02.012","article-title":"Poor sleep quality is associated with impaired glucose tolerance in women after gestational diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Ferrari U","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1795","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with risk of progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Bao W","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070312","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors and long term risk of type 2 diabetes among individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study","volume":"378","author":"Yang J","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.10.002","article-title":"Sleep disturbances compared to traditional risk factors for diabetes development: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"30","author":"Anothaisintawee T","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1124","article-title":"Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"33","author":"Cappuccio FP","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827614544437","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship between exercise and sleep: implications for exercise adherence and sleep improvement","volume":"8","author":"Kline CE","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.306","article-title":"Reduced physical activity in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes who curtail their sleep","volume":"20","author":"Booth JN","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1964","article-title":"Sleep restriction decreases the physical activity of adults at risk for type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Bromley LE","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829e4cea","article-title":"Temporal relationships between physical activity and sleep in older women","volume":"45","author":"Lambiase MJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101719","article-title":"Changes in parental sleep from pregnancy to postpartum: a meta\u2010analytic review of actigraphy studies","volume":"68","author":"Parsons L","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318187a7b0","article-title":"Self\u2010reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they?","volume":"19","author":"Lauderdale DS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0352-x","article-title":"Estimating energy expenditure from wrist and thigh accelerometry in free\u2010living adults: a doubly labelled water study","volume":"43","author":"White T","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"146","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a co\u2010produced, complex, health promotion intervention for women with prior gestational diabetes and their families: the face\u2010it study","volume":"21","author":"Nielsen KK","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"AX3: 3\u2010Axis Logging Accelerometer. Accessed October 31 2025.https:\/\/axivity.com\/product\/ax3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5415-8","article-title":"Variability and reliability study of overall physical activity and activity intensity levels using 24 h\u2010accelerometry\u2010assessed data","volume":"18","author":"Jaeschke L","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.006","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation's sleep quality recommendations: first report","volume":"3","author":"Ohayon M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.05.022","article-title":"Low physical activity levels 1 year after pregnancy complications","volume":"25","author":"Ziesler CP\u00d8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318285402b","article-title":"Accelerometry\u2010measured physical activity and inflammation after gestational diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Gingras VR","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"34606","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mapping postpartum physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep: assessing the impact of prenatal physical activity interventions in the FitMum randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Jessen AD","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"100096","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sleep characteristics during the first year postpartum in a cohort of black and White women","volume":"4","author":"Kishman EE","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9646","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between Chronotype, physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Sempere\u2010Rubio N","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diabetes prevention interventions for women after gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of reviews","volume":"4","author":"Momsen AMH","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"380","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Short\u2010term efficacy of reducing screen media use on physical activity, sleep, and physiological stress in families with children aged 4\u201314: study protocol for the SCREENS randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Rasmussen MGB","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003529","article-title":"Health promotion intervention among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus: penetration, participation, and baseline findings from the face\u2010it randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Jensen NH","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad029","article-title":"Sleep of mothers, fathers, and infants: a longitudinal study from pregnancy through 12 months","volume":"46","author":"Horwitz A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"105640","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Insights into maternal sleep: a large\u2010scale longitudinal analysis of real\u2010world wearable device data before, during, and after pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"Young\u2010Lin N","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0653-3","article-title":"Long\u2010term dynamics in physical activity behaviour across the transition to parenthood","volume":"60","author":"Perales F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13167","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to a healthy lifestyle in postpartum women: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies in postpartum women and healthcare providers","volume":"22","author":"Makama M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.70487","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dme.70487","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dme.70487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:26:25Z","timestamp":1792358785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dme.70487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dme.70487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.70487","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70487"}}