{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:03:05Z","timestamp":1766066585862,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"\n Aims<\/jats:title>\n To examine the risk of major cardiovascular events associated with second\u2010line diabetes therapies, in patients with type 2 diabetes, after adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This was a retrospective cohort study of patients prescribed second\u2010line regimens between 1998 and 2011 after first\u2010line metformin. The\n UK C<\/jats:styled-content>\n linical\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ractice\n R<\/jats:styled-content>\n esearch\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n atalink, with linked national hospitalization and mortality data, for the period up to\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n ecember 2013, was used. Inverse probability of treatment\u2010weighted time\u2010varying\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n ox regression models was used to estimate hazard ratios (\n HRs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and 95% confidence intervals (\n CIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for developing a major cardiovascular event (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, or coronary revascularization) associated with second\u2010line therapies. Analyses adjusted for patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, glycated haemoglobin, socio\u2010economic status, ethnicity, smoking status and concurrent medications.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 10 118 initiators of a second\u2010line add\u2010on to metformin of either a sulphonylurea (n\u2009=\u20096740), dipeptidyl peptidase\u20104 (\n DPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20104) inhibitor (n\u2009=\u20091030) or thiazolidinedione (n\u2009=\u20092348) were identified. After a mean (standard deviation) of 2.4 (1.9)\u2009years of follow\u2010up, 386, 36 and 95 major cardiovascular events occurred in sulphonylurea\u2010,\n DPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20104 inhibitor\u2010 and thiazolidinedione\u2010initiators, respectively. In comparison with the metformin\u2013sulphonylurea regimen, adjusted\n HRs<\/jats:styled-content>\n were 0.78 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.55; 1.11) for the metformin\u2013\n DPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20104 inhibitor regimen and 0.68 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.54; 0.85) for the metformin\u2013thiazolidinedione regimen.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Thiazolidinedione add\u2010on treatments to metformin were associated with lower risks of major cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular death compared with sulphonylurea add\u2010on treatment to metformin. Lower, but non\u2010statistically significant, risks were also found with\n DPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20104 inhibitor add\u2010on therapies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,14]],"date-time":"2016-05-14T00:52:40Z","timestamp":1463187160000},"page":"916-924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative risk of major cardiovascular events associated with second\u2010line antidiabetic treatments: a retrospective cohort study using\n UK<\/scp>\n primary care data linked to hospitalization and mortality records"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"S. S.","family":"Zghebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Tripoli Tripoli Libya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. T.","family":"Steinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Human Development University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Emsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Ashcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Type 2 Diabetes: National Clinical Guideline for Management in Primary and Secondary Care (Update)","year":"2008","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2345"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2267"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1513"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X483562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099825"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Department for Communities and Local Government.The english indices of deprivation 2010. Crown 2011. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/6871\/1871208.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"LuntM.Propensity analysis in stata revision: 1.1.2014. Available from URL:http:\/\/personalpages.manchester.ac.uk\/staff\/mark.lunt\/propensity_guide.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2015."},{"volume-title":"MIBMI: Stata Module for Cleaning and Multiple Imputation Algorithm for Body Mass Index (BMI) in Longitudinal Datasets","year":"2015","author":"Kontopantelis E","key":"e_1_2_7_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-013-0106-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0939-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806470"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4731"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0176-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"LevesqueLE BrophyJM AnielloSD SuissaS. Comparative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of metformin in older adults with diabetes: a population\u2010based cohort study.26th International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology and Therapeutic Risk Management.Brighton: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2010:S2."},{"volume-title":"Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics","year":"2010","author":"Waller DG","key":"e_1_2_7_34_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1305889"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501352"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307684"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0356"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdom.12692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.12692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T04:32:30Z","timestamp":1761885150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.12692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.12692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12692","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1462-8902"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1463-1326"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]]}}}