{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:54:19Z","timestamp":1791910459782,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007\u20102013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007\u20102013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\u00b0 282521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\u00b0 282521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008349","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"\n Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n Treatment with glucagon\u2010like peptide (\n GLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u20101 receptor agonists or dipeptidyl peptidase (\n DPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u20104 inhibitors might increase gallstone formation; however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. We aimed to assess the effects of these drugs on gallbladder volume and bile acid profile.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 57 type 2 diabetes patients (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n age, 62.8\u2009\u00b1\u20096.9\u2009years;\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 31.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1\u2009kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n HbA1c<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 7.3%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6%), treated with metformin and\/or sulfonylureas, were included in this 12\u2010week randomized, placebo\u2010controlled, double\u2010blind, single\u2010centre trial between\n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n uly 2013 and\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n ugust 2015 at the\n VU U<\/jats:styled-content>\n niversity\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n edical\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n enter, the\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n etherlands. Patients received the\n GLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101 receptor agonist liraglutide, the\n DPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20104 inhibitor sitagliptin or matching placebo for 12\u2009weeks. Gallbladder fasting volume and ejection fraction were measured using ultrasonography after a high\u2010fat meal. Serum bile acids were measured in the fasting and postprandial state and in faecal samples. The trial was registered at\n ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n (\n NCT01744236<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Neither liraglutide nor sitagliptin had an effect on gallbladder fasting volume and ejection fraction (p\u2009>\u2009.05). Liraglutide increased serum levels of deoxycholic acid in the fasting state [0.20\u2009\u00b5mol\/\n L<\/jats:styled-content>\n (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.027\u20100.376), p\u2009\n =<\/jats:italic>\n \u20090.024] and postprandial state [\n AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 40.71 (13.22\u201068.21), p\u2009=\u20090.005] and in faeces [ratio 1.5 (1.03\u20102.19); p\u2009=\u20090.035]. Sitagliptin had no effect on serum bile acids, but increased faecal levels of chenodeoxycholic acid [ratio 3.42 (1.33\u20108.79), p\u2009=\u20090.012], cholic acid [ratio 3.32 (1.26\u20108.87), p\u2009=\u20090.017] and ursodeoxycholic acid [ratio 3.81 (1.44\u201010.14), p\u2009=\u20090.008].\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Neither liraglutide nor sitagliptin has an effect on gallbladder volume. Observed changes in bile acids with liraglutide suggest alterations in the intestinal microbiome, while sitagliptin appears to increase hepatic bile acid production.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,23]],"date-time":"2016-07-23T04:16:45Z","timestamp":1469247405000},"page":"1217-1225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Biliary effects of liraglutide and sitagliptin, a 12\u2010week randomized placebo\u2010controlled trial in type 2 diabetes patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Smits","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Tonneijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel H.A.","family":"Muskiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trynke","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.H.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Diamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Nieuwdorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Wallenberg Laboratory University of Gothenberg Gothenberg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert K.","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine Academic Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases University of Groningen, UMCG Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djuna L.","family":"Cahen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani\u00ebl H.","family":"van Raalte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Gastrointestinal actions of GLP\u20101 based therapies: glycaemic control beyond the pancreas","volume":"18","author":"Smits MM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes 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