{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T21:02:25Z","timestamp":1773694945248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Education and Learning (DEL) N. Ireland"},{"name":"Invest Northern Ireland Proof of Concept","award":["PoC518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PoC518"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the chronic effects of twice\u2010daily administration of stable apelin analogues, apelin\u201013 amide and pyroglutamyl (pGlu) apelin\u201013 amide, on metabolic variables in glucose\u2010intolerant and insulin\u2010resistant diet\u2010induced obese mice fed a high\u2010fat diet for 150\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Groups of mice received twice\u2010daily (9\n                      <jats:sc>am<\/jats:sc>\n                      and 5\n                      <jats:sc>pm<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) injections of saline vehicle, apelin\u201013 amide, (pGlu)apelin\u201013 amide or exendin\u20104(1\u201039) for 28\u2009days (all at 25\u2009nmol\/kg). Energy intake, body weight, non\u2010fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucose tolerance, metabolic response to feeding and insulin sensitivity, together with pancreatic hormone content and biochemical variables such as lipids and total GLP\u20101 were monitored. Dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry analysis and indirect calorimetry were also performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Administration of apelin\u201013 amide, (pGlu)apelin\u201013 amide or exendin\u20104 significantly decreased body weight, food intake and blood glucose and increased plasma insulin compared with high\u2010fat\u2010fed saline\u2010treated controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), Additionally, all peptide\u2010treated groups exhibited improved glucose tolerance (oral and intraperitoneal), metabolic responses to feeding and associated insulin secretion. (pGlu)apelin\u201013 amide also significantly improved glycated haemoglobin and insulin sensitivity after 28\u2009days. Both (pGlu)apelin\u201013 amide and exendin\u20104 increased bone mineral content and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, whereas only (pGlu)apelin\u201013 amide increased energy expenditure. All treatment groups displayed reduced circulating triglycerides and increased glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 concentrations, although only (pGlu)apelin\u201013 amide significantly reduced LDL cholesterol and total body fat, and increased pancreatic insulin content.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data indicate the therapeutic potential of stable apelin\u201013 analogues, with effects equivalent to or better than those of exendin\u20104.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T04:12:26Z","timestamp":1500610346000},"page":"319-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Beneficial long\u2010term antidiabetic actions of\n                    <scp>N<\/scp>\n                    \u2010 and\n                    <scp>C<\/scp>\n                    \u2010terminally modified analogues of apelin\u201013 in diet\u2010induced obese diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Vadivel","family":"Parthsarathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes University of Ulster  Coleraine Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes University of Ulster  Coleraine Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes University of Ulster  Coleraine Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finbarr P. M.","family":"O'Harte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes University of Ulster  Coleraine Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/943162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2752-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1767-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0413"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0874"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905479"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"HoggC 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