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GIP (glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) und GLP\u20101 (glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101) are the known incretin hormones from the upper (GIP, K cells) and lower (GLP\u20101, L cells) gut. Together, they are responsible for the incretin effect: a two\u2010 to three\u2010fold higher insulin secretory response to oral as compared to intravenous glucose administration. In subjects with type 2 diabetes, this incretin effect is diminished or no longer present. This is the consequence of a substantially reduced effectiveness of GIP on the diabetic endocrine pancreas, and of the negligible physiological role of GLP\u20101 in mediating the incretin effect even in healthy subjects. However, the insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects of GLP\u20101 are preserved in subjects with type 2 diabetes to the degree that pharmacological stimulation of GLP\u20101 receptors significantly reduces plasma glucose and improves glycaemic control. Thus, it has become a parent compound of incretin\u2010based glucose\u2010lowering medications (GLP\u20101 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase\u20104 or DPP\u20104). GLP\u20101, in addition, has multiple effects on various organ systems. Most relevant are a reduction in appetite and food intake, leading to weight loss in the long term. Since GLP\u20101 secretion from the gut seems to be impaired in obese subjects, this may even indicate a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Along these lines, an increased secretion of GLP\u20101 induced by delivering nutrients to lower parts of the small intestines (rich in L cells) may be one factor (among others like peptide YY) explaining weight loss and improvements in glycaemic control after bariatric surgery (e.g., Roux\u2010en\u2010Y gastric bypass). GIP and GLP\u20101, originally characterized as incretin hormones, have additional effects in adipose cells, bone, and the cardiovascular system. Especially, the latter have received attention based on recent findings that GLP\u20101 receptor agonists such as liraglutide reduce cardiovascular events and prolong life in high\u2010risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, incretin hormones have an important role physiologically, namely they are involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and they have therapeutic potential that can be traced to well\u2010characterized physiological effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T06:42:05Z","timestamp":1516862525000},"page":"5-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":882,"title":["Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nauck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center Bochum\u2010Hattingen, Medical Department I St. Josef\u2010Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University  Bochum 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