{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:10:31Z","timestamp":1793949031546,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major healthcare challenge. It occurs in up to 50% of those living with diabetes, is a major cause of end\u2010stage kidney disease (ESKD) that requires treatment with dialysis or renal transplantation, and is associated with significantly increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. DN is a clinical syndrome characterized by persistent albuminuria and a progressive decline in renal function, but it is increasingly recognized that the presentation and clinical course of kidney disease in diabetes is heterogeneous. The term diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is now commonly used to encompass the spectrum of people with diabetes who have either albuminuria or reductions in renal function. In this article, the clinical presentation and approach to diagnosis of DKD will be discussed, as will its prognosis. The general principles of management of DKD will also be reviewed with reference to current international guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T05:27:13Z","timestamp":1586323633000},"page":"3-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":688,"title":["An updated overview of diabetic nephropathy: Diagnosis, prognosis, treatment goals and latest guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Selby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine Royal Derby Hospital  Derby UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten W.","family":"Taal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine Royal Derby Hospital  Derby UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"UK Renal Registry: 20th Annual Report of the Renal Association","volume":"139","author":"Byrne C","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00521.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021835"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6616.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000377"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"S202","article-title":"Genetic determinants of diabetic nephropathy: the family investigation of nephropathy and diabetes (FIND)","volume":"14","author":"Family Investigation of Nephropathy and, Diabetes Research Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30027-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2796-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.31988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm897"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V381458","article-title":"Heterogeneous nature of renal lesions in type II diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Gambara V","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61350-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198407123110204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1000550"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92450-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38070.450891.FE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.2.406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)12323-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2016.1138837"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0767-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline [NG28].2015.https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng28."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management. Clinical guideline [CG182].2015.https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg182(accessed December 29 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-013-0870-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2572"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2013.65A005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.02.364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0077-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000453531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1682-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.106567"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00284458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013050557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013091004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction including lipid modifification. Clinical guideline [CG181].2014.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg181."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG136].2019.www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng136."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60739-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021778"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07368-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.16.2159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111732"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807093390202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07019-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30104-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510280037029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61303-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000488255"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdom.14007","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.14007","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dom.14007","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.14007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:50:59Z","timestamp":1761893459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.14007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.14007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14007","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}