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Also, an acute, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled crossover study was conducted during January\u2013May 2018 at the NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility in 11 participants, in which the effects of oral 10 g\u2009L\u2010phenylalanine relative to D\u2010phenylalanine and placebo on gastroenteropancreatic hormone (insulin, glucagon, glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP], peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY], glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101) and glucose concentrations, visual analogue scales for subjective appetite and energy intake at an\n                      <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>\n                      meal served 70\u2009minutes postingestion, were investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      L\u2010phenylalanine was well\u2010tolerated and increased insulin and glucagon concentrations prior to meal ingestion at several time points relative to placebo and D\u2010phenylalanine (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.05). L\u2010phenylalanine also increased GIP concentrations relative to D\u2010phenylalanine (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.0420) and placebo (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.0249) 70\u2009minutes following ingestion. L\u2010phenylalanine reduced postprandial glucose area under the curve (AUC)\n                      <jats:sub>70\u2010150mins<\/jats:sub>\n                      relative to placebo (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.0317) but did not affect subjective appetite or energy intake (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt;\u2009.05). D\u2010phenylalanine increased postprandial PYY AUC\n                      <jats:sub>70\u2010150mins<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations relative to placebo (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.0002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ingestion of L\u2010phenylalanine, but not D\u2010phenylalanine, increases insulin, glucagon and GIP concentrations without appearing to have a marked effect on appetite.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T14:39:11Z","timestamp":1601390351000},"page":"147-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Differential effects of L\u2010 and D\u2010phenylalanine on pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormone release in humans: A randomized crossover study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0416-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjali","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8882-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Frampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London  London 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