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Electronic screening and congress searches identified real\u2010world noninterventional studies (published between 2010 and October 2020) reporting estimates of adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medication in adults with T2D, and associations with glycaemic control, microvascular and\/or macrovascular complications, hospitalizations and healthcare costs. Ninety\u2010two relevant studies were identified, the majority of which were retrospective and reported US data. The proportions of patients considered adherent (median [range] 51.2% [9.4%\u201084.3%]) or persistent (median [range] 47.7% [16.9%\u201094.0%]) varied widely across studies. Multiple studies reported an association between greater adherence\/persistence and greater reductions in glycated haemoglobin levels. Better adherence\/persistence was associated with fewer microvascular and\/or macrovascular outcomes, although there was little consistency across studies in terms of which outcomes were improved. More adherent and more persistent patients were typically less likely to be hospitalized or to have emergency department visits\/admissions and spent fewer days in hospital annually than less adherent\/persistent patients. Greater adherence and persistence were generally associated with lower hospitalization costs, higher pharmacy costs and lower or budget\u2010neutral total healthcare costs compared with lower adherence\/persistence. In conclusion, better adherence and persistence in people with T2D is associated with lower rates of microvascular and\/or macrovascular outcomes and inpatient hospitalization, and lower or budget\u2010neutral total healthcare expenditure. Education and treatment strategies to address suboptimal adherence and persistence are needed to improve clinical and economic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T01:28:32Z","timestamp":1636939712000},"page":"377-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Adherence to and persistence with antidiabetic medications and associations with clinical and economic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology University Hospital Llandough  Penarth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Engberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S  S\u00f8borg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads","family":"Faurby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S  S\u00f8borg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Diogo Da Rocha","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S  S\u00f8borg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pollyanna","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mtech Access  Bicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Polonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Diabetes Institute  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2020.1782748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Diabetes.co.uk. 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