{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:59:57Z","timestamp":1792605597773,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease. Among its causes, chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes (CKD\u2010T2D) is the primary subtype. This study aims to provide an updated assessment of the global disease burden of CKD\u2010T2D from 1990 to 2021. It will analyse the trends in the global burden of CKD\u2010T2D and the differences in risk factors, as well as project changes over the next 15\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data for this study were derived from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. Estimates of prevalence, incidence, deaths and disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs) for CKD\u2010T2D, along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), were extracted. The trends in CKD\u2010T2D burden from 1990 to 2021 were analysed from overall and local perspectives. An age\u2010period\u2010cohort model was used to estimate the age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence and incidence of CKD\u2010T2D between 1990 and 2021. A decomposition analysis was conducted to assess the contribution of population size, age structure and epidemiological changes to the burden of CKD\u2010T2D. Population\u2010attributable fractions were determined for each risk factor, and a difference analysis was conducted. Additionally, projections were made regarding changes in the burden of CKD\u2010T2D over the next 15\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, the global burden of CKD\u2010T2D remained significant, with a total of 107\u2009559\u2009955 cases. The age\u2010standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) was 1259.63 per 100\u2009000 people. The age\u2010standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 23.07 per 100\u2009000 people, and the age\u2010standardized death rate (ASDR) was 5.72 per 100\u2009000 people. The age\u2010standardized disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs) was 131.08 per 100\u2009000. The global burden of CKD\u2010T2D showed variation across different socio\u2010demographic index (SDI) regions. In 2021, the overall burden of CKD\u2010T2D continued to rise, with the age effect increasing with age. Both prevalence and incidence risks showed an upward trend over time. Decomposition analysis indicated that population growth and ageing were the primary contributors to the global burden of DALYs related to CKD\u2010T2D. Metabolic risk factors such as high fasting plasma glucose and high body mass index (BMI) are the most significant attributable risk factors. It is projected that by 2036, the trends in ASPR, ASIR, ASDR and age\u2010standardized DALYs will stabilize. However, ASIR and age\u2010standardized DALYs are expected to continue rising, and the number of cases of prevalence, incidence, mortality and DALYs will persist in their upward trend.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CKD\u2010T2D imposes a significant global disease burden, with health disparities and unequal disease outcomes continuing to worsen across countries and regions due to differences in socio\u2010economic development levels. This burden is primarily driven by population growth, ageing and metabolic risks such as obesity, hyperglycaemia and hypertension. Although the rate of increase in disease burden may slow over the next 15\u2009years, the number of cases is expected to rise substantially. Therefore, enhancing prevention, early screening and effective treatment interventions, particularly in high\u2010risk areas, is crucial for reducing the disease burden and narrowing health disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:31:35Z","timestamp":1736814695000},"page":"1902-1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Trends and analysis of risk factor differences in the global burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes from 1990 to 2021: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiancai","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Data Center China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3811-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Research and Translation for Kidney Deficiency\u2010Stasis\u2010Turbidity Disease  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"The new biology of diabetic kidney disease\u2010mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"2","author":"Lytvyn Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/xJAHA.111.000059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"WatersHGM.The Costs of Chronic Disease in the U.S.2018.https:\/\/milkeninstitute.org\/reports\/costs-chronic-disease-us"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.672350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.892860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47091-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.767263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Evaluation IoHMa.Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources.https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Evaluation IoHMa.Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Socio\u2010Demographic Index (SDI) 1950\u20132021.https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/global\u2010burden\u2010disease\u2010study\u20102021\u2010gbd\u20102021\u2010socio\u2010demographic\u2010index\u2010sdi\u20101950\u20102021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.06.008","article-title":"2022 clinical practice guideline for diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"102","author":"KDIGO","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"105","author":"KDIGO","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008917616318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Surveillance research program doccps National Cancer Institute.Joinpoint Trend Analysis Software.https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/joinpoint\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"YangY Schulhofer\u2010WohlS LandKC.The Intrinsic Estimator for Age\u2010Period\u2010 Cohort Analysis: What it Is and how to Use it 1.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0360-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2023.151428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"KisaA CollaboratorsDI OanceaB KisaS.Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories 1990\u20132019: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31404-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease, 1990\u20132017: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Collaboration GCKD","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"Organization WH.Global Report on Diabetes.2016.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1897"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","article-title":"Type\u20102 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): spatial\u2010temporal patterns of incidence, mortality and attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 among 21 world regions","volume":"77","author":"Na M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016020154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6118\/jmm.2018.24.2.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00863-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S436046"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dom.16183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:52:57Z","timestamp":1761893577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dom.16183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dom.16183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.16183","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/DOM.16183\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}