{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:32:35Z","timestamp":1789878755524,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Adminitrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three key and direct risk factors for the significant health issue prevalent worldwide, ischaemic heart disease(IHD), are high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG), high low\u2010density lipoprotein (HLDL) and high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) in metabolic syndrome (MetS). A comprehensive study is essential to present the most recent global epidemiological trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IHD data attributable to HFPG, HLDL and HSBP (3H) were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. The absolute burden was manifested in the number of death cases and disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALY). The relative burden was quantified through the age\u2010standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and the age\u2010standardized DALY rate (ASDR). Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to measure trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HSBP caused the greatest IHD burden, followed by HLDL, which was much higher than HFPG. The IHD burden associated with HLDL and HSBP were more alike and notably different from HFPG. From 1990 to 2021, ASDR for HSBP and HLDL\u2010related IHD generally declined, with the EAPC of \u22121.28 (95% CI: \u22121.34, \u22121.23) and \u22121.38 (95% CI: \u22121.44, \u22121.33). But the trend was less pronounced for HFPG\u2010related IHD, with the EAPC of \u22120.90 (95% CI: \u22122.25, 0.46). The absolute burden was higher in men under 80 and peaked 5\u201310\u2009years earlier than women. Compared to HSBP and HLDL, HFPG caused a significant increase in burden in low\u2010middle and low socio\u2010demographic index (SDI) regions. The high\u2010middle SDI region, which originally had the highest burden, showed a clear downward trend after 2005 and was gradually overtaken by the low\u2010middle region. Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Africa and the Middle East had the highest burden among the regions with the same SDI level in Europe, Asia and Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HFPG\u2010related IHD burden should be managed differently from HSBP and HLDL. Particular attention should be paid to men, older age groups and regions with low\u2010middle SDI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:34:31Z","timestamp":1739838871000},"page":"2070-2085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global burden, trends and inequalities for ischaemic heart disease attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, high low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol and high systolic blood pressure, 1990\u20132021: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4382-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010Qiao","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences  Beijing 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