{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:52:55Z","timestamp":1792144375825,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K10541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K17297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K17297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Time in range (TIR), which is derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), has been widely used as an indicator of the quality of glycemic control. While cross\u2010sectional studies have reported an association between CGM\u2010derived TIR and cognitive function scores, few studies have longitudinally investigated the relationship between the two. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between CGM\u2010derived TIR and changes in multiple cognitive function scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study used baseline and 2\u2010year data from an ongoing multicenter cohort study. This study included 197 T2DM patients aged \u226560\u2009years with undiagnosed dementia. Participants were examined with the mini\u2010mental state examination (MMSE), the Japanese version of the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA\u2010J) and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) at both baseline and 2\u2009years. Multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between TIR and changes in cognitive function test scores over 2\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multivariate regression analysis showed that there was a significant association between TIR and changes in MMSE (\u0394MMSE) over 2\u2009years (standard partial regression coefficient [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ]\u2009=\u20090.187,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). Similarly, multivariate regression models showed a significant association between TIR and \u0394MoCA\u2010J (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.218,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and \u0394DSST (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.164,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with T2DM with undiagnosed dementia, CGM\u2010derived TIR might be associated with overall cognitive decline and reduced processing speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  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