{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:48:19Z","timestamp":1787014099272,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) related cognitive impairment links to comorbid and modifiable olfactory dysfunction; however, the efficacy of olfactory training (OT) to mitigate cognitive decline specifically in these patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unestablished. This study aimed to determine whether OT alleviates cognitive decline in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this 16\u2010week, open\u2010label trial, 60 T2D participants with MCI were randomly assigned (1:1) to OT or routine care (control). The OT group performed twice\u2010daily 6\u2010minute exposure to six odorants (rose, eucalyptus, lemon, clove, coffee, and cinnamon), with adherence monitored remotely. The primary outcome was the change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. Secondary outcomes included: (1) other neuropsychological assessments, (2) olfactory tests, (3) structural and odour\u2010induced functional magnetic resonance imaging, and (4) metabolic parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      OT significantly improved global cognition, as demonstrated by greater score increases in MoCA (OT: \u0394\u2009+\u20091.9 vs. control: \u0394\u2009+\u20090.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      _\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.190, 95% CI [0.04, 0.35]) compared to controls. Domain\u2010specific enhancements were observed in visuospatial constructional, language, and executive function. Concurrently, OT elevated overall olfactory performance. Neuroimaging revealed parallel neural alterations, with volume increases in hippocampal subfields and prefrontal hypoactivation during tasks. Critically, mediation analysis showed olfactory enhancement (\u0394olfactory total score) mediated global cognitive improvement (\u0394MoCA). No significant metabolic differences emerged between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 16\u2010week OT regimen improves global and domain\u2010specific cognition for MCI in T2D, alongside olfactory and neuroimaging enhancements. These findings support OT as a low\u2010cost, home\u2010based strategy for cognitive preservation in this high\u2010risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T08:12:18Z","timestamp":1757059938000},"page":"7040-7051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Olfactory training improves cognition and modifies brain networks in type 2 diabetes patients with mild cognitive impairment: A 16\u2010week randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yining","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for 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