{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:22:09Z","timestamp":1791901329478,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between elevated body mass index (BMI) and a wide range of vascular and cardiometabolic diseases in men and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study used data from the IQVIA Disease Analyzer database, comprising anonymized records from over 3000 office\u2010based physicians in Germany. We included 233\u2009730 patients aged \u226540\u2009years with at least one recorded BMI measurement between January 2005 and December 2023. Fourteen vascular and cardiovascular conditions were identified using ICD\u201010 codes. Ten\u2010year cumulative incidence was estimated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method, and Cox regression models assessed associations between BMI groups and disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity was associated with higher risks of heart failure (HR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.85\u20132.05), pulmonary embolism (HR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.62\u20132.07), atrial fibrillation\/flutter (HR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.55\u20131.72), phlebitis\/vein thrombosis (HR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.51\u20131.70), varicose veins of the lower extremities (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.51\u20131.64), angina pectoris (HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.21\u20131.41), and myocardial infarction (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.15\u20131.38), but a lower risk of haemorrhagic stroke (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62\u20130.93). Sex\u2010specific analyses revealed stronger associations in men for heart failure, angina pectoris, and atrial fibrillation, while women showed stronger links to pulmonary embolism, phlebitis\/vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and varicose veins. Notably, obesity was associated with a 26% lower risk of aortic aneurysm (thoracic or abdominal) in women, with no significant effect in men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is associated with an increased risk of vascular and cardiometabolic diseases. The strength and direction of associations show some variation between men and women, but these tendencies should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:00:18Z","timestamp":1757329218000},"page":"7052-7061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex and\n                    <scp>Body Mass Index<\/scp>\n                    differences in the incidence of vascular and cardiometabolic diseases: A retrospective cohort study including 233\u2009730 patients in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ximena","family":"Orozco\u2010Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology IQVIA  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2124-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Kostev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology IQVIA  Frankfurt Germany"},{"name":"University Hospital, Philipps University of Marburg  Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20100009.2005.00398.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Results","author":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(17)30299\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103\u2010012\u20101659\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103\u2010020\u201003111\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)02750\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl\u20102019\u2010314770"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(18)30288\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1352675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(15)00086\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. 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