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However, preclinical literature has largely used male animals to characterize the neural mechanisms underlying the weight loss abilities of GLP\u20101R agonists (GLP\u20101RAs), highlighting a need for female\u2010specific investigations. Recently, we described data pointing to the female estrous cycle as a possible moderator of GLP\u20101RA's effects in rats. Expression of brainstem\n                      <jats:italic>Glp1r<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the GLP\u20101 precursor gene,\n                      <jats:italic>Gcg<\/jats:italic>\n                      , increased during two estrous phases, proestrus and estrus (P\/E), compared to males and compared to other phases, metestrus and diestrus (M\/D). On this basis, we hypothesized that the weight\u2010reducing effects of GLP\u20101RAs may be potentiated during P\/E.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In separate experiments, we determined whether timing administration of acute liraglutide or chronic semaglutide to either P\/E or M\/D would moderate food intake and weight loss in female rats maintained on a high fat diet. We also used qPCR to explore estrous cycle\u2010dependent variation in\n                      <jats:italic>Glp1r<\/jats:italic>\n                      within widely distributed nuclei relevant to energy balance control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GLP\u20101RA administration during P\/E, compared to M\/D, enhanced the intake\u2010suppressive effects of liraglutide and semaglutide. Moreover, semaglutide administered only during P\/E led to greater body weight loss compared to M\/D\u2010administered semaglutide. We also observed greater\n                      <jats:italic>Glp1r<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression in P\/E compared to M\/D in multiple nuclei.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLP\u20101RAs administered in P\/E lead to significantly greater body weight loss via reduction in food intake. Collectively, these data may have translational implications for the timing of GLP\u20101RA administration across the menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T09:12:13Z","timestamp":1759137133000},"page":"221-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The estrous cycle moderates the food and body weight suppressive effects of glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah V.","family":"Applebey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania 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